黑土区肥料运筹对玉米生物性状及水肥利用效率的影响

为了寻求东北黑土耕作区适宜的水肥管理模式,在大田试验的基础上,设计了有膜(M)和无膜(W)两种覆盖处理,3个施肥水平230kg N/hm~2(W1),280kg N/hm~2(W2)和330kg N/hm~2(W3),3种施肥比例60%-40%-0%(F1),60%-20%-20%(F2)和33%-33%-33%(F3),分别设置1组对照,共计20种处理。研究了覆膜、施肥量与施肥方式的差异对作物耗水量、玉米作物生长性状、水分利用效率以及肥料偏生产力的影响。结果表明:覆膜处理减少了土壤水分的无效蒸发,随着施肥量的增加,玉米植株的生长优势明显,同时植株对于土壤水分的需求量也相应增加,在WW3F2施肥处理条件下的土壤水分消耗最大;施肥量和施肥比例的不同导致玉米植株的生长性状及产量存在一定的差异,在施肥比例方案60%-20%-20%(F2)下,随着施肥量的增加,植株对于土壤养分的利用效率提高,其中MW3F2处理方式下植株产量相对MW3F1和MW3F3处理分别提升了2.8%和12.7%;在肥料运筹模式选取中,采用提升耗水量和肥料用量的方式,能够提高了玉米的产量,降低了土壤水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力。综合耗水量和肥料用量两个因素,MW1F2和MW3F2模式在黑土区优势较为明显。

Effects of Fertilization on Biological Properties and Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Maize in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

From April 15 to October 15 in 2015,a field experiment was carried out to explore the appropriate water and fertilizer management mode in the farming area of black soil in Northeast China.In this paper,the effects of mulching,fertilizer amount and fertilization model on water consumption,maize biological characters,water use efficiency (WUE) and partial fertilizer productivity were studied.The experiment consist of two mulching treatments,i.e.mulching (M) and no mulching (W),3 fertilization levels with 230 kg N/hm2 (W1),280 kg N/hm2 (W2) and 330 kg N/hm-2 (W3),and 3 fertilization schemes of 60％-40％-0％ (F1),60％-20％-20％ (F2),33％-33％-33％ (F3),a total of 20 treatments.Results showed that the film mulching treatments reduced the ineffective evaporation of soil moisture.Plant grew much better with the increase of fertilizer amount,then the demand for soil moisture increased,and the maximum soil moisture consumption treatment was WW3F2.Moreover,the differences of fertilizer amount and fertilization scheme result in different biological characters and plant yield.Soil nutrient use efficiency increased with increasing fertilizer amount under F2 treatment,specifically,plant yield of MW3F2 increased by 2.8％ and 12.7％ compared with MW3F1 and MW3F3,respectively.Finally,heavy fertilization and water consumption could increase the yield,while decreased WUE and fertilizer partial productivity,and also MW1F2 and MW3F2 were the priority of planting pattern in black soil area.