不同秸秆还田模式对玉米主要病害发生为害的影响

2017-2019年调查了辽宁春玉米产区不同秸秆还田模式对玉米主要病害发生为害的影响,结果表明：与传统不还田旋耕栽培模式相比,秸秆覆盖还田后玉米主要病害的发生为害最重,茎腐病发病率增加68.77%,穗腐病发病率增加20.01%,大斑病病情指数增加39.54%;秸秆碎混旋耕还田后茎腐病发病率增加48.20%,大斑病病情指数增加16.84%;秸秆田外堆置腐解后深翻还田可有效降低玉米茎腐病和穗腐病等土传病害的发生,茎腐病发病率降低41.66%,穗腐病发病率降低30.00%;秸秆还田配套不同耕作栽培模式对玉米主要病害发生为害有一定的叠加影响,免耕栽培会加剧病害发生,而深翻栽培可降低病害发生。由此可见,秸秆直接还田,特别是覆盖还田会加重玉米主要病害的发生为害,而秸秆经充分腐解处理后再还田能有效降低玉米主要病害,尤其茎腐病和穗腐病等土传病害的发生。

Effects of Different Maize Straw Returning Modeson Occurrence of Main Diseases of Maize

During 2017-2019, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of different ways of maize straw returning on the occurrence of major diseases of maize in Liaoning spring maize production area. In comparison with traditional rotary tillage without returning, the results showed significant differences: returning by straw mulching was the most beneficial to the occurrence of maize diseases, the incidence rate of stalk rot, ear rot and leaf blight of maize increased by 68.77%, 20.01% and 39.54%, respectively; returning by straw smashing and rotary tillage was more beneficial to the occurrence of major diseases of maize, the incidence rate of leaf blight and stalk rot of maize increased by 16.84% and 48.20%; returning by composting of straw outside the field could effectively reduce the occurrence of soil borne diseases such as stalk rot and ear rot of maize, the incidence rate of stalk rot and ear rot of maize decreased by 41.66% and 30.00%. Moreover, the different cultivation patterns for straw returning could have a certain superimposed effect on the occurrence of major diseases of maize: no-tillage exacerbated the occurrence of disease, while deep ploughing could moderately reduce the occurrence of disease. It has been seen that straw returning directly, especially mulching returning, was beneficial to the occurrence of major diseases of maize. However, returning of the straw to the field after full decomposition can effectively reduced the occurrence of the main diseases of maize, especially the stalk rot and ear rot.