华北平原高产农区冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放及其综合温室效应

研究不同农业管理措施下小麦农田N2O、CO2、CH4等温室气体的综合增温潜势,有助于科学评价农业管理措施在减少温室气体排放和减缓全球变暖方面的作用,为制定温室气体减排措施提供依据。本研究采用静态明箱气相色谱法对华北平原高产农区4种农业管理措施下冬小麦农田土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)季节排放通量进行了监测,估算了不同农业管理措施下小麦季的综合温室效应。结果表明,华北太行山前平原冬小麦农田土壤是CO2、N2O的排放源,CH4的吸收汇。不同农业管理措施对不同温室气体的排放源和吸收汇强度的影响不同,增施氮肥、充分灌溉促进了土壤CO2、N2O的生成,强化了土壤CO2和N2O排放源的特征;但却抑制了土壤对CH4的氧化,弱化了土壤作为大气CH4吸收汇的特征。2009—2010年和2010—2011年冬小麦生长季T1(传统模式)、T2(高产高效模式)、T3(再高产模式)和T4(再高产高效和土壤生产力提高模式)处理土壤排放的温室气体碳当量分别依次为8 880 kg(CO2).hm 2、8 372 kg(CO2).hm 2、9 600 kg(CO2).hm 2、9 318kg(CO2).hm 2和13 395 kg(CO2).hm 2、12 904 kg(CO2).hm 2、13 933 kg(CO2).hm 2、13 189 kg(CO2).hm 2。各处理间温室气体排放差异主要是由于施肥和灌溉措施的不同引起的,秸秆还田与否是造成年度间温室气体排放存在差异的主要原因。T2处理综合增温潜势相对较低,产量和产投比相对较高,为本区域冬小麦优化管理模式。

Comprehensive analysis of emissions and global warming effects of greenhouse gases in winter-wheat fields in the high-yield agro-region of North China Plain

Comprehensive studies on greenhouse gas emissions and the related global warming potential (GWP) under different agricultural management practices had the benefits of mitigated greenhouse gas emissions, reduced GWP and strengthened theoretical basis for measurements of greenhouse gas emissions. Based on experiment with four agricultural management patterns (T1: conventional pattern; T2: high-yield and high-efficiency pattern; T3: super-high-yield pattern; T4: super-high-yield, high-efficiency and soil fertility improvement pattern), N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes in winter-wheat fields were monitored from October 2009 to September 2011 using the static chamber method and the gas chromatographic technique. Total greenhouse gas emissions and GWP were then accordingly estimated. The results indicated that the winter-wheat field was the sources of N₂O and CO₂, but the sink of CH₄. The effects of the different agricultural management patterns on the different greenhouse gas sources and sinks were different. High N application and sufficient irrigation increased the CO₂ and N₂O in the soil and strengthened the characteristics of soil as the emission source of CO₂ and N₂O. Meanwhile, CH₄ oxidation in soils was restrained and soil characteristics as CH4 sink decreased. The carbon equivalent of emitted greenhouse gases in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 in 2009-2010 were respectively 8 880 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2, 8 372 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2, 9 600 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2 and 9 318 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2; and 13 395 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2, 12 904 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2, 13 933 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2 and 13 189 kg(CO₂)·hm^-2 in 2010-2011. Differences in greenhouse gas emissions among different treatments were caused by different fertilization and irrigation managements. Straw return or non-return largely led to the differences in greenhouse gas emissions between 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. GWP was relatively low while yield and input-output ratio relatively high in T2. Treatment T2 was therefore considered the optimal management mode for winter-wheat cultivation in the North China Plain.