农田管理措施对土壤有机碳周转及微生物的影响

农田管理措施对农田生态系统碳循环影响显著，进而制约土壤肥力、农业生产及粮食安全，影响气候变化和环境健康。本文综述了不同农田管理措施（施肥方式、种植制度、耕作模式）对农田土壤有机碳、含碳温室气体排放和土壤微生物的影响。发现有机肥与无机肥配施情景下土壤有机碳增速最快，且施肥量与土壤碳库存在阈值效应；有机肥的施用增加了土壤中CO₂排放通量，磷、钾两种肥料的施用与施用氮肥相比更能降低农田土壤排放温室气体产生的全球增温潜势；提高有机肥和磷肥的施用比例有利于土壤中微生物丰富度的提高和微生物量碳的积累。种植结构和种植密度均会影响农田土壤的碳储量，种植结构对农田生态系统温室气体排放影响显著，轮作和间作的种植模式与传统单一作物种植相比可有效减少农田含碳温室气体的排放，同时，轮作与连作相比更有利于土壤微生物多样性的增加。保护性耕作措施有利于农田土壤固碳效率的提高，可降低农田温室气体的排放，且对微生物活性、多样性、群落结构以及碳源利用情况均有积极影响。最后总结了国际主流碳模型在农田生态系统的应用概况，并提出了未来发展展望。

Effects of farmland management measures on soil organic carbon turnover and microorganisms

Farmland management measures can have a significant impact on the carbon cycle of farmland ecosystems, which can affect soil fertility, agricultural production, and food security, and more broadly, climate change and environmental health. In this paper, the effects of different farmland management measures(fertilization methods, planting systems, and farming models)on soil organic carbon, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil microorganisms were reviewed. The increase in soil organic carbon was fastest when organic and inorganic fertilizer were applied. Moreover, there was a threshold effect between the amount of fertilizer applied and the soil carbon inventory. The application of organic fertilizer increased the CO₂ emissions flux in the soil, and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers reduced the globe warming potential of farmland soil more than nitrogen fertilizer. Increasing the application ratio of organic fertilizer to phosphate fertilizer was beneficial, leading to an increase in microbial richness in the soil and accumulation of microbial biomass carbon. Planting structure and planting density both affected the carbon storage of farmland soil, and planting structure had a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions in farmland ecosystems. Compared with traditional monoculture planting, crop rotation and intercropping could effectively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of farmland. At the same time, crop rotation was more conducive to increasing soil microbial diversity than continuous cropping. Conservation tillage improved the efficiency of farmland soil carbon, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and had a positive impact on microbial activity, diversity, community structure, and carbon source utilization. Finally, we summarized the application of international mainstream carbon models to farmland ecosystems, and present future development prospects.