奥地利经营国有林的成功经验

我国国有林经营现在已陷入严重的资源与经济危困之中.奥地利国有林独立经营65年,1923年林木蓄积量为7 600万立方米,1987年已是13 900万立方米.每公顷可利用林蓄积量1923年平均为250m3,1987年已是324m3.国有林80%分布在阿尔卑斯山区,条件并不优越,但每公顷森林的产材量还在逐年增长,现在已达4.5m3左右.近百年来,奥地利对国有林坚持有计划采伐,对山地森林实行长伐期经营毫不动摇,把木材生产与改善森林状况密切结合了起来.1925年和1977年的《奥地利国有林法》明确要求,在保持森林公益机能的条件下,实行按商业原则经营,国有林局是经济实体,应做到自负盈亏.战后40余年,国有林局的林区道路密度每公顷已近24m,并拥有大量机械装备,仍是财政有盈余的企业.

How Austrian Bundesforste Managed to Increase Forest Resources and to Earn Money Simultaneously

China state forests are exhausting, its enterprises are. heavily embarrassed economically.So it is beneficial to give some examples showing good management of state forests from world practices. Austrian Bundesforste is an economic independent state-owned forest corporation since 1925,when "Das Bundesforstegesetz" -a law of state forests was issued. Newlaw of state forests promulgated in. 1977 reaffirms that Bundesforste is a WirtschaftskÖrper, i. e. an economic entity. In period 1925-1988,the total growing stock of Bundesforste has increased by 63 millions m³,from 76 millions to 139 millions m³.The average growing stock per hectare has raised from 205m³ to 324m³, while average cutting of 3m³ per hectare per year has developed to 4.5m³. In 1946-1988 period, total financial surplus. of Bundesforste amounts to 1.23 billion S. It is the remainder of income after deducting all various expenses, including costs, investments, extra social burden, etc. Depending on one's o wn investment, the density of vehicle traffic roads in forests now reaches 25.3m per hectare.The author regards Austrian successes as the results of long-lasting scietific reasonable management of forests: (1) Bundesforste has always adhered to Hiebssatz, i. e. a felling budget since last century.(2) Exploitation of forests is closely coordinated with improvement of forests.Thinning and salvage cutting often make large share of total removal.(3) Timber logging and silviculture are rationalized and mechanized steadily and continuously. As a result, labour force requirement has decreased from 6191 in 1955 to 1868 in 1988. (4) Administrative structure of Bundesforste is simplified. The personal staff has been reduced from 1425 in 1977 to 1044 in 1988. The officer-worker's ratio was 1: 4.5 in 1955, compared to 1: 2.31 in 1977 and 1:1.79 in 1988. It promised improvement of management and knowledgeable operation.