不同堆腐时间猪粪对花生产量及土壤动物群落影响

为了科学制订猪粪堆肥腐熟度的标准,在田间试验条件下s以施化肥和不施肥处理为对照,研究了不同堆腐时间(0 d、10 d、20 d和30 d)猪粪对花生产量及土壤生物的影响。采用手捡法和Tullgren漏斗法分别捕获土壤动物,进行分类鉴定。结果表明:猪粪堆腐30 d处理的花生产量最高,为6 713.4 kg.hm 2,显著高于猪粪堆腐0 d、10 d、20 d和不施肥处理(P<0.05)。各处理土壤动物数据的方差分析表明,手捡法分离土壤动物类群数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在处理间均无显著差异(P>0.05);Tullgren漏斗法分离土壤动物个体数(F=2.69,P<0.05)和均匀度指数(F=6.40,P<0.01)在处理间有显著和极显著差异,捕获个体数排序为:猪粪堆腐10 d>猪粪堆腐30 d>猪粪堆腐0 d>猪粪堆腐20 d>化肥>不施肥对照;均匀度指数排序为:猪粪堆腐0 d>不施肥>猪粪堆腐20 d>化肥>猪粪堆腐10 d>猪粪堆腐30 d。手捡法和Tullgren法分离土壤动物类群数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同取样时间之间均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。S rensen指数和Whittaker指数表明,不同处理间土壤动物群落物种和群落组成的相似度均较高。将猪粪腐熟指标分别与手捡法和Tullgren法捕获土壤动物的总类群数、总个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数进行相关分析,结果表明,手捡法捕获土壤动物总个体数、总类群数和不同腐熟度猪粪总氮含量呈显著负相关(相关系数r分别为0.951、0.967,P<0.05),总个体数与花生产量负相关(r=0.916,P<0.1),腐殖质总量与多样性指数呈正相关(r=0.916,P<0.1)。Tullgren法捕获土壤动物类群数与胡敏酸呈显著负相关(r=0.958,P<0.05),与猪粪总磷含量呈负相关(r=0.917,P<0.1),与pH和富里酸呈正相关(r分别为0.919、0.921,P<0.1)。土壤动物主成分分析结果表明,在手捡法捕获动物中,猪粪腐熟30 d处理的直翅目、蜱螨目、蜘蛛目和倍足纲等动物出现较多;在Tullgren法捕获动物中,猪粪腐熟30 d处理的弹尾目、膜翅目、原尾目、盲蛛目、双尾目、鞘翅目和双翅目出现较多。研究表明,施用高腐熟度猪粪可显著提高花生产量。高腐熟度猪粪处理下,手捡法捕获大型土壤动物个体数和种群数较少,群落多样性和均匀度较高;Tullgren法捕获中型土壤动物个体数较多,种群数和群落多样性较低,均匀度显著较低。

Effect of swine manure with different composting times onsoil fauna community and peanut yield

To establish a standard for the maturity of swine waste compost, the performances of composts with different composting durations were analyzed in a 2010 to 2011 peanut-field experiment. The swine waste composting durations were 0, 10, 20 and 30 days, respectively. The controls were no fertilization and chemical fertilization. Soil fauna were isolated and trapped by hand and Tullgren collection methods. The highest peanut yield (6 713.4 kg·hm^{-2) was observed in the treatment of swine waste composted for 30 days. The 30-day compost yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those for 0, 10 and 20 days and also that of the blank control. Variance analysis for the hand-collected macrofauna showed no significant difference among treatments in terms of individual number, group number, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index. However, significant differences existed in individual number (F=2.69, P<0.05, df=5) and evenness index (F=6.40, P<0.001, df=5) for collected meshfauna via the Tullgren funnel method. The order of the treatments in terms of individual number was as follows: swine waste composted for 10 days > swine waste composted for 30 days > swine waste composted for 0 day > swine waste composted for 20 days > chemical control > blank control. Also the order in terms of evenness was as follows: swine waste composted for 0 day > blank control > swine waste composted for 20 days > chemical control > swine waste composted for 10 days > swine waste composted for 30 days. However, either by the hand or the Tullgren method did the four indices vary significantly among sampling dates (P < 0.01). S?rensen index and Whittaker index showed close similarities for both macro- and mesh-fauna communities across the treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that the numbers of macro-fauna individual and group were negatively correlated with swine compost total nitrogen (r= 0.951 and 0.967, respectively, P < 0.05). Individual number was also negatively correlated with peanut yield (r= 0.916,P < 0.1), and Shannon-Wiener index of micro-fauna community was positively correlated with humus matters (R=0.916,P < 0.1). However, meshfauna group number was negatively correlated with humic acid (r= 0.958,P< 0.05) and total phosphorus (r= 0.917, P < 0.1), and positively correlated with pH and fulvic acid (r=0.919 and 0.921, respectively, P < 0.1) in swine compost. Principle component analysis for fauna community showed that Orthoptera, Acariformes, Araneida, Diplopoda, etc. were the main macrofauna orders; and Collembala, Hymenoptera, Protura, Opiliones, Diplura, Coleoptera, Diptera, etc. were the main meshfauna orders in soils fertilized with swine manure composted for 30 days. Compared with low-maturity swine manure (composted for 10 days or 20 days), application of high-maturity swine manure (composted for 30 days) significantly improved peanut production. In soils with high-maturity swine manure, macrofauna individual and group numbers were low and community diversity and evenness indices high. However, meshfauna individual number was high, meshfauna group number low, community diversity index low and evenness index significantly low.}