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Diagnostic imaging and pacemaker implantation in a domestic goat with persistent left cranial vena cava
Affiliation:1. University of Utah, Comprehensive Arrhythmia Research and Management Center, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;2. Utah State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA;1. Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK;2. Hospital for Small Animal, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK;1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;2. Department of Pediatrics and the University of Minnesota Children''s Hospital, Fairview, 420 Delaware St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;1. University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences (Cardiology), 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;2. University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Radiology, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA;3. University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences (Radiology and Surgery), 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;4. University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Urology, 1685 Highland 21 Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA;1. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Abstract:Difficulty was encountered with the insertion of a right atrial pacing lead via the left jugular vein during lead and pacemaker implantation in a clinically normal goat as part of an ongoing rapid atrial pacing – induced atrial fibrillation research project. Fluoroscopic visualization of an abnormal lead advancement path prompted angiographic assessment which revealed a persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) and prominent coronary sinus communicating with the right atrium. Angiography facilitated successful advancement and securing of the pacing lead into the right side of the interatrial septum. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography (MRI/MRA) allowed further characterization of this rare venous anomaly. Even though PLCVC has been reported once in a goat, to the authors' knowledge this is the first report to include MRI/MRA characterization of PLCVC and prominent coronary sinus with successful cardiac pacemaker implantation using the PLCVC.
Keywords:Caprine  Magnetic resonance imaging/angiography  Persistent left cranial vena cava
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