Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: Effect of body weight,age, and gender,and establishment of reference intervals |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d''Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d''Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d''Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France;2. Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France;3. UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France;4. INSERM, U955, Equipe 03, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France;1. Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom;2. Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA, United Kingdom;3. Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Maths and Ecology Group, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom;1. Section of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;2. Section of Critical Care, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;3. Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43221, USA;1. Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Stock Lane, Lower Langford, North Somerset, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom;2. Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, Avon, BS14 9BE, United Kingdom;3. Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging Ltd, Baytree Cottage, Dyrham, Chippenham, SN148EX, United Kingdom;4. CytoPath Ltd, Ledbury, PO Box 24, Herefordshire, HR8 2YD, United Kingdom;1. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA;2. Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, 95616, USA;3. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy;4. Veterinary Hospital “Etiopia”, Rome, Italy;5. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI).Animals134 healthy adult CKCS.MethodsUltrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.ResultsA significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated.ConclusionsBody weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. |
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| Keywords: | Canine Cardiac Dog Heart Ultrasound |
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