M-mode,two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic findings in 40 healthy domestic pet rabbits |
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| Institution: | 1. Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom;2. Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA, United Kingdom;3. Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Maths and Ecology Group, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom;1. Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d''Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d''Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d''Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France;2. Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France;3. UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France;4. INSERM, U955, Equipe 03, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France;1. East Anglia Cardiology Ltd, 5 Hall Lane, Great Hormead, Buntingford, Hertfordshire, UK;2. Nuvet, Hedley House, Rightwell, Bretton, Peterborough, UK;3. Cardiac Morphology Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK;1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d''Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d''Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d''Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du general de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France;1. Istituto Veterinario di Novara, SP9 Granozzo con Monticello, 28060 Novara, Italy;2. Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Herts SG5 3HR, UK |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to report normal two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic findings from a large cohort of healthy, manually restrained, adult pet rabbits.Animals and methodsForty healthy pet rabbits 22 Dwarf Lops (DL), 14 French Lops (FL) and 4 Alaskan (AL)] underwent a full physical examination and conscious two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography.ResultsThe median age of the rabbits was 21.5 months, the median weight was 2.9 kg (DL: 2.4 kg, AL: 4.35 kg, FL: 6.0 kg). Echocardiography with ECG monitoring was feasible in all rabbits. Left atrial and ventricular dimensions were significantly larger in FL as compared to DL; overall, a positive correlation with weight was present. No significant differences between breeds were identified for flow velocities. Trace regurgitation was detected at the aortic valve in 7/40 (17.5%) rabbits, at the tricuspid valve in 5/40 (12.5%) and at the pulmonic valve in 1/40 (2.5%) rabbits. Mitral inflow E and A waves were summated in 60% of cases.ConclusionsThe results of this study can be used as echocardiographic values in FL and DL for comparison with clinical cases, and may also be applicable for other breeds of similar sizes. Breed specific values should be used when measuring left atrial and ventricular sizes. However, no breed or size differences were found for the rest of the echocardiographic parameters, which may therefore be applicable for the general pet rabbit population. |
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| Keywords: | Cardiology Exotics Ultrasound |
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