中国农村水利现代化指标体系构建

该文基于二次现代化理论,通过分析中国经济、世界经济现代化的历史进程,中国农村水利现代化的内涵、规律和特征,提出农村水利一次、二次现代化的评价指标体系。农村水利一次现代化评价指标以基础设施为主,包括了旱涝保收面积、工程配套维护水平、农村饮水保障程度、减灾实际达标水平4个指标。农村水利二次现代化评价指标以质量效益和良治为主,共17个指标。以定量分析为主,对中国各省农村水利一次、二次现代化的水平开展实证研究。结果表明:中国农村水利一次现代化水平随经济一次现代化水平增长而增长,但增长速度落后于经济现代化发展,如广东、天津、北京、上海经济一次现代化指数分别为84.0、94.0、95.0、97.0,农村水利一次现代化指数分别为74.4、85.0、88.0、96.5。经济发达省市农村水利二次现代化落后于国家经济二次现代化,如北京、上海、天津农村水利二次现代化指数分别为47.5、51.3、45.2,经济二次现代化指数分别为78.0、69.0、57.0。除经济发达省市北京、上海、天津外,其余省份农村水利二次现代化指数比经济二次现代化指数要高一些,路径有所偏离,发展趋势出现了差异。主要原因可能是:经济高速发展,导致水资源的过分消耗和环境污染,以致破坏了资源环境的可持续发展,整个发展趋势尚未有效遏制。中国农村水利二次现代化道路的偏离,提醒人们要及时转变观念、实行与新型工业化相应的水利现代化道路,把提高水资源的利用效率、发挥效益,进行制度创新放在首位。

Evaluation index system for rural water conservancy modernization in China

Evaluating China's rural water conservancy modernization level objectively and scientifically is very important. In this paper, an evaluation system of rural water conservancy modernization in China was established based on modernization theory: the first rural water conservancy modernization mainly to improve the ability of disaster prevention and reduction and the second water conservancy modernization mainly on how to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources. It puts forward the first and second rural water conservancy modernization evaluation index system. The first rural water conservancy modernization evaluation indexes were given priority to infrastructure, including 4 indexes such as dependable farmland, projects supporting, drinking water safety and disaster reduction. The secondary rural water conservancy modernization evaluation indexes were given priority to quality, efficiency, and good governance, a total of 17 indicators. Using weighted evaluation model and SAS statistical software to analyze the basic parameters of every province (municipality or autonomous region), such as land treatment,farmers inputs,technology input, irrigation benefit, water supply, water quality, pollution control, resource exploitation, wet land index, charging level, participation level, water right trade and management quality, the first rural and the second rural water conservancy modernization index of every province (municipality or autonomous region) in China were calculated respectively. Results showed that the development trend of China’s first rural water conservancy modernization was similar with the development trend of the first modernization of China's economy and the world’s economy, and the modernization level was promoted with the growth of the first economic modernization. The modern index of 13 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) such as Shanghai, Beijing, Zhejiang and others was higher than the national average index and the index of Shanghai, Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Tianjin was on the top levels in order, namely economy developed areas also had the high rural water conservancy modernization level; The modern index of 18 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) was lower than the national average and Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Qinghai had the lowest index in order. It showed that the underdeveloped areas also had the lower rural water conservancy modernization level. Although the economic levels of some developed provinces and cities in China were close to the first economy modernization level of developed countries, their rural water conservancy modernization levels were still lower than the modern economic development level, such as Guangdong, Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai, their economic modernization indexes were 84.0, 94.0, 95.0 and 97.0 respectively, but their rural water conservancy modernization indexes were 74.4, 85.0, 88.0 and 96.5 respectively. Unlike the first modernization, the second rural water conservancy modernization indexes showed a larger difference with economic levels. The second rural water conservancy modernization indexes of economic developed provinces and cities were lower than the economic second modernization indexes, for example the second rural water conservancy modernization indexes of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin were 47.5, 51.30 and 45.2 respectively, but their second modernization indexes were 78.0, 69.0 and 57.0 respectively. In addition to the economically developed cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, the second rural water conservancy modernization indexes of the rest provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) were higher than the second economic modernization index. It showed the different development trend. The main reason may be that the rapid economic development exceeds consumption of water resources and causes environmental pollution. The path deviation of the second modernization in China’s rural water conservancy reminds people to timely change ideas, implement water conservancy modernization accordingly with new industrialization, and carry on the institutional innovation in the first place.