革新稻作技术，维护粮食安全与生态安全（征文）

作者认为新中国50年稻作科技进步的主要内容是：遗传育种学的种性研究与有利基因成功利用，以及相应栽培技术与生理学基础研究。以遗传育种学成果为核心技术，辅以因种栽培配套技术的双力推动，使我国稻作面积比建国初期增加12%，单位面积产量提高了226%，总产量增加了265%。科技进步的生产力效应的主要表现：单位面积产量提高是我国水稻总产量增加的主导因素。作者在分析我国淡水资源脆弱与水稻生产过程对周边水域与环境的面源污染的基础上，提出一个观点：自上世纪60年代以来，以推广矮秆品种为中心内容的绿色革命的负面影响—水稻生产对环境资源的渐进破坏，并指出无节制用水，不规范用肥，无序施用农药，是当今稻作的三个技术陋习。为实现在有限水土资源条件下我国粮食安全与生态安全，作者经近十年研究实践，建议实施灌溉稻田“麦作式”水稻高产旱作技术，其主要技术要点是前茬种豆科绿肥、直播超级杂交稻、并实行旱作措施：“湿土播种，浅水护苗，旱管培根，沟水育穗，干湿防衰”。近年在江浙两省多点示范推广结果表明，这一以节制用水为中心内容的集成技术，不仅可以做到与水层灌溉稻作相近的单位面积高产量，而且收到节水、节电、节省劳力等多项社会经济效益。作者在文中还指出重点研究的灌溉稻田的旱作技术的必要性：灌溉稻田稻作集中分布在我国南方丰水地区，具备稳定的灌溉水源。其面积占水稻种植面积的85%，是我国经济社会各行业中第一用水大户，该区域土壤熟化，物候资源丰富，人文与工业先进，稻作稳产高产，对提高我国粮食自给力举足轻重，其节水效果对优化我国水资源分配，服务“南水北调”意义重大。面对人多、地少、水少的基本国情，以及粮食安全与生态安全的严峻挑战，我国更深层次的稻作技术革命正在酝酿中，其核心内容当是在水稻生物技术支持下的遗传育种技术革命——综合利用有利基因，培育耐旱、氮磷营养高效的优质、高产品种，并带动我国新一轮稻作技术的全面创新。

Innovating Rice Farming Systems, Ensuring Food and Environments Safety

Abstracts: The authors point out that the main achievements in rice cultivation area within rent 50 years are mainly on the following aspects: The utilize of functional gene associated with innovation work of agronomy and physiology drove rice development. The rice planting area 、rice grain yield per unit and total yield output were increased 12% 、226% and 265% respectively since liberation. The increase of the total rice yield was mainly result from the increment of grain yield per unit. After considering the fragility of fresh water resource and insufficient plowland of our country, the authors looked back to 60’ of 20 century and noticed that some negative effects from “Green revolution” based on the use of semi-dwarf gene. Water was pumped out immoderately to irrigate paddy field for high yield. Excess agrochemicals and chemical fertilizer were poured to rice field. Drainage water containing chemicals from paddy was flowed to the water system and polluted the environments. Therefore the authors of this paper pointed out that it is time to reform those rice farming activities for sustaining agriculture and protect our environments from deterioration. After nearly ten years research, a new rice farming system was released. The technique was named as Non-flooding Rice Farming in Irrigated Rice Field (NFRF). Rice was cultivated just as dry-land crop such as wheat. The technical components of the NFRF were as planting green manure 、planting super-hybrid rice、direct seeding and non-flooding irrigation. Results from the demonstrations in Zhejiang province those years showed that the benefits from the NFRF was not only in water saving and yield enhancement, but also in labor saving and environmental safety. As the irrigated rice field was mainly distributed in southern part of china where the water for irrigation is sufficient, its area and water consumption occupied 85% of the total rice area and nearly 50% of total fresh water respectively, so water saving rice framing among those areas is much important in food security and environment safety. The practice of the NFRF in those areas will play positive effects on “Water transfer from the south to north” project. As china is a big country with big population、less plowland and less water, we have to face a challenge for food and environment security. The authors suggest that further breakthroughs of rice farming technique will come from rice breeding supported with rice biology advancements, by releasing new combinations with drought resistance、high nitrogen-absorbing efficiency and good grain quality.