秦巴山区利用栎类资源生产食用菌/中药材的经济效益分析

采用典型调查方法，对秦巴山区汉中、安康、商洛3地区近800个利用栎类资源生产食用菌、天麻、猪苓的生产户进行了调查，总结分析了不同利用途径投料、生产、销售过程中的固定成本、成本、收益和资源利用效率。结果表明，1）段木生产食用菌（木耳），生产户自产自用，并不依靠其为经济收入来源；袋料生产香菇经济效益较好，对栎类资源破坏小，已经基本取代了传统的段木生产；2）中药材（天麻、猪苓）生产投入产出比率最高，受到当地生产户青睐，是当前重要的利用途径，也是未来需要推广的利用方式；3）农户技术不完善、生产方式粗放、劳动力不足、投入资金相对缺乏、林地交通条件不便、投资风险保障不健全以及劳动力市场价格的持续上涨是影响该地区栎类资源高效利用不平衡的主要因素；4）未来要靠技术培训、规模化集约经营、统一市场收购、优化菌种培育和提高服务水平来发挥栎类资源高效利用潜力。

Economic Benefits Analysis of the Uning Oak Resources to Produce Edible Fungi and Medicinal Material in Qinba Mountains

Investigation was carried out by surveying nearly 800 households of farmers in Qinba Mountains located in Hanzhong, Ankang, and Shangluo, by which edible and medicinal fungi were produced by using oak resources, such as Auricularia auricular, Gastrodia elata, and Polyporus umbellatus. Fixed costs, total costs, benefits, and resource use efficiency were analyzed and calculated in the procedures of resource feeding, production, and marketing. The results were reported as follows. 1) Edible fungi that were produced by households of farmers mainly were consumed by the producers, the fungi were not the dominant income resource for them. In addition, traditional “bed-log” producing method was substituted by sawdust bags, which would results in less damage for oaks. 2) High economic benefits could be obtained by producing medicinal fungi, such as G. elata, P. umbellatus, which were popular ways to use wood resources, and would be popularized in future. 3) The imperfections of technique, the shortage of labor, the relative lack of funds, the poor transport conditions in mountainous, the unsound risk protection of investment and the rising prices of labor market were the major limited factors to bring about the unbalanced utilization of oak resources in the region. 4) In order to raise the level of oak resource use efficiency, five aspects should be emphasized, such as technical training, scale intensive farming, market acquisitions unifying, fungi cultivation optimizing, and service level improving.