秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对半干旱区春玉米的影响*1

2013-2015年在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站，设置秸秆还田(S)和秸秆还田结合秋覆膜（AM+S）两个春玉米种植处理，其中秸秆还田仅在2013年秋季进行，以裸地种植春玉米为对照(CK)。采用EcH2O土壤水温数据采集器实时观测不同处理的土壤水分和温度动态，结合玉米生长特性，研究秸秆还田结合秋覆膜对春玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，AM+S处理极显著增加了0-50cm土层的地积温和土壤体积含水量，增加了春玉米的耗水量，2014年和2015年春玉米播前1m土层分别较CK多贮水83.92mm和92.68mm。但2014年各处理籽粒产量差异不显著，AM+S处理春玉米水分利用效率显著低于CK和S处理；而在2015年，AM+S处理显著促进了玉米干物质积累，增加春玉米产量，春玉米产量和降水利用效率分别达到13560kg·hm-2、58.52kg·hm-2·mm-1，较CK和S处理分别同时提高97.96%和62.83%，籽粒产量水分利用效率(WUE)达到47.09kg·hm-2·mm-1，较CK和S处理处理分别提高90.34%和65.58%。本研究表明，在雨养农田较干旱的年份，采用秸秆一次性还田结合秋季覆膜技术，是解决半干旱区秸秆过剩，提高半干旱地区春玉米翌年产量和农田水分利用效率的较优方案。

Effects of Straw-incorporation Combined with Plastic Mulching in Autumn on Spring Maize in Semi-arid Areas

To evaluate the influence of straw-incorporation combined with plastic mulching in Autumn on spring maize growth and water use efficiency (WUE), field experiments were conducted in the Fuxin agricultural environment and the farmland conservation scientific observation station in the period of 2013-2015. Three treatments were followed as: (1) straw-incorporation (S), (2) straw-incorporation combined with plastic mulching in Autumn (AM+S), in which the straw returned only in the fall of 2013, (3) nudation(CK). The real-time dynamics of soil moisture and temperature were measured by soil water-temperature data collector (EcH2O), and the growth differences of maize were analyzed among the treatments. The results showed that the accumulated soil temperature and volumetric moisture content within 0-50cm soil layer were significantly increased in AM+S treatment, the water consumption of spring maize increased, and water storage within 1 m soil layer before spring sowing in 2014 and 2015 year were increased 83.92mm and 92.68mm, respectively, compared with that in CK. In 2014, the WUE in AM+S treatment was significantly lower compared with that in CK and S treatment, the grain yield was no different among treatments. In 2015, AM+S treatment improved significantly the accumulation of dry matter and the yield of spring maize, in which the yield of spring maize, rainfall use efficiency and WUE of grain were 13560kg·ha-1, 58.52kg·ha-1·mm-1, and 47.09kg·ha-1·mm-1, and increased by 97.96 % and 62.83 %, 97.96 % and 62.83 %, 90.34 % and 65.58 %, respectively, compared with those in CK and S treatment. This study suggests that one-off straw-incorporation combined with plastic mulching in Autumn improved the following year yield of spring maize and WUE under drought condition of rainfed farmland, resolved the surplus phenomenon of the agricultural straw in semi-arid region.