Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in monoculture and intercropped plantations: Evolution of soil and litter microbial and chemical attributes during early stages of plant development |
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| Institution: | 1. Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ. Departamento de Ciência do Solo. Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;2. Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;3. CIRAD, UMR – Écologie Fonctionnelle and Biogéochimie des Sols and Agroécosystèmes (SupAgro-CIRAD-INRA-IRD), 2 Place Viala, F34060 Montpellier, France;1. Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;2. Laboratory for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;3. Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada;1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China;2. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;3. College of Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;4. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada;1. State Forestry Administration''s Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;2. College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;3. Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang 532600, China;4. Ministry of Education''s Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;1. Department of Soil Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Straße 1-3, Bayreuth 95448, Germany;2. Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Soil microorganisms and microbial processes are influenced by the quality and quantity of plant waste entering the soil, by its seasonal and spatial distribution, by the ratio of above- to below-ground inputs, and by changes in nutrient inputs. Soil management strategies sometimes promote mixed-species plantations to mitigate the loss of soil nutrients and improve biogeochemical cycling. The objective of this study was to explore changes in microbiological and chemical attributes of soils and litter in the early stages of the second rotation of mixed and pure plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium, and to look for correlations between attributes. Soil samples at 0–10 cm depth were collected two, seven, 14, and 20 months after planting in the following treatments: monocultures of A. mangium and E. grandis, a monoculture of E. grandis with N-fertilizer, and an intercropped plantation with E. grandis and A. mangium. Microbial soil attributes varied dramatically between treatments 20 months after planting. Total C, N and P contents in litter showed the strongest correlations with microbial biomass C and N (Cmic and Nmic), microbial respiration, and dehydrogenase activity in all sampling periods. Lower C/N and C/P ratios in litter and lower C/N and Cmic/tC ratios in soils after 20 months in the intercropped plantation illustrated the system's capacity for supplying inputs of high-quality organic matter rich in N and P, but this did not result in higher contents of these elements or greater microbial activity in soils. An implication of this finding is that, at least in the initial growth phase of these plantations, chemical attributes of the litter and variation in those attributes govern microbial processes and, consequently, are mostly responsible for plant development. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed changes in the microbiological and chemical attributes of soil in the intercropped plantation due to the plants growth and the leaf litter accumulation. Twenty months after planting, the different plantations could be discriminated by differences in litter chemistry (C, N, and P), total soil C, Nmic, and dehydrogenase activity, which were very similar in intercropped plantations and E. grandis with N-fertilizer. These results from the early stages of plantation development are important for understanding the dynamics of soil attributes in these systems, and especially in intercropped plantations. In intercropped areas the cumulative effect of microbial attributes reflects a more sustainable system. Long-term studies are needed to identify patterns that develop after 20 months, during the growth period of these plantations. |
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