Evaluation of curative and protective control of Penicillium digitatum following imazalil application in wax coating |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa;2. Citrus Research International, Nelspruit, South Africa;1. Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon, Lezion, 7505101, Israel;2. Department of Biology, Virginia Technical University, Blacksburg, VA, USA;1. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China;2. Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA;3. College of Food Science, Southwest University, NO. 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, China;1. Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, People’s Republic of China;2. Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, People’s Republic of China;3. Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People’s Republic of China;1. Plant Pathology Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liege, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;2. Université Ibn Tofail, Faculté des sciences, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, BP 133, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco;3. INRA-El Menzeh, Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, BP 293, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco |
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| Abstract: | Imazalil (IMZ) is widely used in citrus packhouses to manage green mould, caused by Penicillium digitatum. The aim of this study was to investigate green mould control efficacy of IMZ applied in a wax coating, and the combination of aqueous dip and coating IMZ applications. Single application of IMZ at 3000 μg mL−1 in carnauba wax coating at rates of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 L tonne−1 of fruit gave better protective (mean 13% infection) than curative (mean 70% infection) control of the sensitive isolate. Imazalil residue levels increased (0.85 to 1.75 μg g−1) with increasing coating load. However, the resistant isolate could not be controlled (>74% infection). Dip only treatment (IMZ sulphate at 500 μg mL−1 for 45 s and 90 s) gave good curative control (≈77%) of the sensitive isolate at residue loading of 0.12–0.73 μg g−1. Wax coating only treatment (IMZ at 3000 μg mL−1 at 1.8 L wax tonne−1) gave good protective control and improved sporulation inhibition (≈80%) at residue loading of 1.32–7.09 μg g−1. The MRL of 5 μg g−1 was exceeded at higher wax loads on navels and clementines. Double application with dip (45 s in IMZ sulphate at 500 μg mL−1) followed by 2000 μg mL−1 IMZ in wax coating at 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 L wax tonne−1 resulted in residue loading of 1.42 to 2.83 μg g−1, increased protective control (≈69%) as well as curative control (≈83%). In all treatments, poor curative and protective control of the resistant isolate was observed (<46% and <55%, respectively). Double application demonstrated superior green mould control by giving good curative and protective control and sporulation inhibition. |
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