禽流感DNA疫苗研究进展

禽流感（avian influenza，AI）是由禽流感病毒（AIV）引起的一种禽类烈性综合征，威胁动物和人类公共健康，严重影响中国养禽业发展，接种疫苗一直是控制禽流感病毒传播最有效的手段。基于基因工程技术的不断发展，各种新型疫苗相继研发并投入使用。其中，禽流感DNA疫苗具有安全性高、制备方法简单、易于储藏和运输等优点，受到了广泛关注。常见的禽流感疫苗有HA DNA疫苗、NA DNA疫苗、M DNA疫苗、NP DNA疫苗等。禽流感DNA疫苗是将含有目的基因序列的重组质粒导入动物细胞，诱导动物机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答。为了提高禽流感DNA疫苗的免疫效果，国内外学者通过添加合适的佐剂、将目的基因导入理想质粒载体、对抗原序列优化，增强DNA疫苗的转染效率和基因表达水平，取得了一定的研究成果。自DNA疫苗开始研发至今，H1、H3、H5、H7、H9等众多亚型禽流感DNA疫苗逐步研发。2018年，由中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所研制的禽流感H5亚型DNA疫苗获得国家一类新兽药证书，是中国首个获得批准的禽流感DNA疫苗，极大地推动了DNA疫苗的发展。文章主要论述了禽流感DNA疫苗的载体构建、免疫机制、佐剂和载体选择以及疫苗研发等方面的研究进展和创新，并对其应用前景进行简要分析，旨在为科研工作者研制新型禽流感疫苗提供新的思路和参考。

Review of DNA Vaccine for Avian Influenza

Avian influenza (AI) is a kind of avian virulent syndrome caused by avian influenza virus (AIV),which threatens animal and human public health and seriously affects the development of poultry industry in China.Vaccination has always been the most effective means to control the spread of avian influenza virus.Based on the continuous development of genetic engineering technology,a variety of new vaccines have been developed and put into use.Among them,avian influenza DNA vaccine has many advantages,such as high safety,simple preparation,easy storage and transportation.Common HA DNA vaccine,NA DNA vaccine,M DNA vaccine,NP DNA vaccine.Avian influenza DNA vaccine introduces a recombinant plasmid containing the target gene sequence into animal cells to induce a humoral and cellular immune response.In order to improve the immune effect of avian influenza DNA vaccine,researchers at home and abroad have made some achievements in enhancing the transfection efficiency and gene expression level of DNA vaccine by adding appropriate adjuvants,introducing target genes into ideal plasmid vectors and optimizing antigen sequence.Since the development of DNA vaccines,many subtypes of avian influenza DNA vaccines,including H1,H3,H5,H7 and H9 subtypes,have been gradually developed.In 2018,the H5 subtype DNA vaccine developed by Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences obtained the National Class Ⅰ Veterinary Medicine certificate,which is the first DNA vaccine of avian influenza to be approved in China,greatly promoting the development of DNA vaccines.This review mainly discusses the development and innovation of avian influenza DNA vaccine in terms of vector construction,immune mechanism,adjuvant and vector selection,and vaccine research and development,and briefly analyzes its application prospect,in order to provide new ideas and references for researchers to develop new avian influenza vaccine.