基于电化学传感器检测农副产品黄曲霉毒素B1的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素B1是农副产品中最常见的真菌毒素之一，具有诱变、致畸、免疫抑制和致癌的作用。为了减少黄曲霉毒素B1带来的危害，开发可靠的方法来检测农副产品中的黄曲霉毒素B1十分重要。传统的检测方法难以满足现代农业中现场、快速检测的需求，而电化学传感器具有制备简单、便于携带、灵敏度高和选择性强等特点，因而备受关注。根据识别元件的不同，黄曲霉毒素B1的电化学传感器可以分为基于适配体的传感器、基于免疫反应的传感器、基于分子印迹的传感器。研究者们又根据不同的感知策略、纳米材料研发了多种类型的黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器。该研究综述了近5年来（2019—2023年间）黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器的研究进展，列举了具有代表性的实例，讨论了基于不同识别元件的传感器的传感机理和不同的信号产生策略，对这些传感器的性能进行了对比。并分析了不同识别元件的优缺点，探讨了基于不同原理的黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器的不足之处和发展方向，如需要开发新型的识别元件、研发新的纳米材料并提高纳米材料的制备技术、不同传感策略的联合应用、研发多种毒素同时检测的传感器、简化修饰步骤提高传感器稳定性等，以期为实现黄曲霉毒素B1电化学传感器的实际应用提供参考。

Research progress on the detection of aflatoxin B1 in agricultural by-products using electrochemical sensors

Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most common fungal toxins in agricultural by-products, due to mutagenic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic effects. It is very necessary to develop reliable detection of aflatoxin B1 in agricultural by-products, in order to reduce the harm caused by aflatoxin B1. Traditional methods cannot fully meet the requirements of on-site and rapid detection in modern agriculture. Fortunately, electrochemical sensors have attracted much attention in recent years, due mainly to the simple preparation, easy portability, high sensitivity, and strong selectivity. According to the different recognition components, electrochemical sensors for aflatoxin B1 can be divided into aptamer-, immune response-, and molecular imprinting-based sensors. The recognition elements of these three sensors are antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, respectively. Various types of electrochemical sensors have also been developed for aflatoxin B1 using different perception strategies and nanomaterials, such as aptamer electrochemical sensors using competitive strategy, and aptamer electrochemical sensors using ratio strategy. This study aims to review the progress of electrochemical sensors for aflatoxin B1 over the past five years (2019-2023), thereby listing the representative examples, the sensing mechanisms, and signal generation strategies of sensors using different recognition elements. The performance of these sensors was compared to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different recognition elements. The recommendations and development direction were discussed for the electrochemical sensors of aflatoxin B1 using different principles. The main conclusions were as follows: 1) The recognition components of AFB1 sensors mainly included adaptors, antibodies, and molecularly imprinted membranes at present. The preparation technology of recognition components and new recognition elements should be developed to further improve the performance of AFB1 sensors. 2) The high sensitivity of AFB1 sensors often required signal amplification using one or more nanocomposite materials. The performance of the AFB1 sensor depended mainly on nanomaterials. In addition, these types of sensors were still lacking in the structural stability and complex processing of high-quality nanomaterials. Therefore, there is a high demand to develop novel nanomaterials with excellent performance. Preparation technology of nanomaterials can be expected to greatly improve the performance of AFB1 electrochemical sensors. 3) It is very necessary to combine different recognition components or perception strategies. The aptamers and antibodies were used in combination, together with the aptamers and MIP. More joint applications were explored in the future. 4) Most AFB1 sensors were used to detect a single toxin. However, multiple toxins often coexist in nature. Therefore, the sensors should be developed to simultaneously detect the multiple toxins in real matrices. This requirement can be fully met by integrating the electrodes with high-throughput technologies. 5) The AFB1 sensor is still in the laboratory research stage, and thus a lot of work needs to be done for the true commercial application. The preparation process of the AFB1 electrochemical sensor should be simplified with the sensitivity. The stability and generalization of the sensor should be improved to promote large-scale production and utilization.