垃圾填埋场恶臭污染对感官影响的评价研究

目前中国大气环境影响评价导则中缺少恶臭感官评价因子,实际工作中,多规避或以常规大气环境影响评价方法进行评价。针对这一问题,该文调查总结不同国家和地区恶臭标准、导则及文献,以某垃圾填埋场为例,通过模型模拟、敏感点现场嗅探监测及厂界监测等多种工具得到臭气浓度、臭气强度、恶臭发生频率等评价因子,研究中国恶臭污染的感官环境影响评价方法。结果表明,恶臭源调查结果显示,该垃圾填埋场恶臭管控措施较好,但当扩散条件较差时,厂界恶臭强度可达到4级(强烈的臭味);模型模拟结果显示,厂界臭气浓度可达到1 000以上且恶臭发生频次较高;现场嗅探监测结果显示,距厂界1km范围内2#(西方向)、6#(东北方向)监测点受该垃圾填埋场的恶臭影响较为严重;该垃圾填埋场周边不同方位上距恶臭源0.3～2.8km范围内的敏感点受垃圾干扰相对较高,不同方位上距恶臭源1.8～4.0 km范围外的敏感点受垃圾干扰相对较低;针对厂界东侧3～4 km范围内某一居民区来说,其居住的居民可感知恶臭,但由于恶臭发生频率较低且强度相对不高,整体来说居民区受到该垃圾填埋场的恶臭干扰程度相对较低。

Sense assessment of odor pollution from landfill

Abstract: Landfill is an important guaranteed facility for urban management. The sanitary landfill number was 1840 until 2016 in China, and the handing capacity was about 325000 t/d in cities and 13 5000 t/d in countries. The odor complaints of landfills by residents occurred frequently, one reason was the co-construction between landfills and residential areas in China, the other reason is high moisture and organic content in Chinese landfill. Odor pollution was sensory, the scale of odor impact was determined by the parameters collectively known as the FIDO factors (frequency, intensity, duration and offensiveness ) and L factor ( L, denoting the location, which is often taken to be a surrogate for the sensitivity and incorporation of the social and psychological factors that can be expected for a given sensitive area). However, there was no constitutional assessment method for odor environmental impact. Odor assessment was usually avoided or assessed by the conventional atmospheric environment methods. Aiming at this problem, based on odor guidelines, criteria and researches of various countries and regions, taking landfill as an example, an assessment method of odor environmental impact was researched by multi-tool odor assessment including modelling simulation, sniff testing, plant boundary monitoring and so on. Odor concentration, odor intensity, odor frequency and other evaluation factors were obtained through these tools in order to assess odor pollution. There were three main kinds of odor emission sources in this landfill, including the composting workshop (point source because of collection emission), operating surface (area source), intermediate heap (area source). The wind tunnel sampler was used to sample from the area source for odor emission rate. CALPUFF modeling was used to simulate odor concentration and odor frequency. Odor intensity, odor frequency and odor quality of the sensitive area were recorded by sniff testing to evaluate the odor feeling of residents directly. Besides, the odor concentration of landfill boundary was also gotten by monitoring and investigating odor sources, and it was used to inspect if the facilities were operated properly. The results indicated that despite proper odor management and control measurements of this landfill, odor intensity of plant boundary was high to level 4 which represented strong odor by sources investigation. Odor concentration could be greater than 1 000, odor frequency which exceedance of odor concentration 20 was high to 2%-40% in poor air dispersion conditions through modelling simulation. The sensitive area within 1 km from the factory boundary was seriously affected by the landfill smell through sniff testing; The direction-dependent sensitive points around landfill within 0.3-2.8 km were relatively high disturbed and outside 1.8-4.0 km were relatively low disturbed by modelling simulation. What''s more, the residential area located on the east of the landfill boundary within 3-4 km was judged as relatively low disturbed from the landfill. This research results can provide an effective assessment approach for odor environmental impact from landfill in China, it also can provide reference and decision-making tools for environmental management departments and polluting enterprises.