Significant effects of temperature on the reproductive output of the forest herb Anemone nemorosa L. |
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| Authors: | P. De Frenne B.J. Graae A. Kolb J. Brunet O. Chabrerie S.A.O. Cousins G. Decocq R. Dhondt M. Diekmann O. Eriksson T. Heinken M. Hermy Ü. Jõgar R. Saguez A. Shevtsova S. Stanton R. Zindel M. Zobel K. Verheyen |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Forestry, Ghent University, Geraardbergsesteenweg 267, B-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium;2. Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Box 62, SE-98107 Abisko, Sweden;3. Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., D-28359 Bremen, Germany;4. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;5. Plant Biodiversity Lab (DSA – JE2532), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, F-80037 AMIENS Cedex, France;6. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;7. Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;8. Department of Biodiversity/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany;9. Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;10. Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai Str.40, Tartu 51005, Estonia;11. Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;12. Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;1. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, 920 Valley Road, Reno, NV 89512, United States;2. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pacific West Area, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, United States;1. Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;2. Department of Botany, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;3. CREAF, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain;4. Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain;1. Centre Régional Agrhymet, Département Formation et Recherche, BP 11011 Niamey, Niger;2. CIRAD Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, UR Green, TA C-47/F, 34398 Montpelier cedex 5, France |
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| Abstract: | Climate warming is already influencing plant migration in different parts of the world. Numerous models have been developed to forecast future plant distributions. Few studies, however, have investigated the potential effect of warming on the reproductive output of plants. Understorey forest herbs in particular, have received little attention in the debate on climate change impacts.This study focuses on the effect of temperature on sexual reproductive output (number of seeds, seed mass, germination percentage and seedling mass) of Anemone nemorosa L., a model species for slow colonizing herbaceous forest plants. We sampled seeds of A. nemorosa in populations along a 2400 km latitudinal gradient from northern France to northern Sweden during three growing seasons (2005, 2006 and 2008). This study design allowed us to isolate the effects of accumulated temperature (Growing Degree Hours; GDH) from latitude and the local abiotic and biotic environment. Germination and seed sowing trials were performed in incubators, a greenhouse and under field conditions in a forest. Finally, we disentangled correlations between the different reproductive traits of A. nemorosa along the latitudinal gradient.We found a clear positive relationship between accumulated temperature and seed and seedling traits: reproductive output of A. nemorosa improved with increasing GDH along the latitudinal gradient. Seed mass and seedling mass, for instance, increased by 9.7% and 10.4%, respectively, for every 1000 °C h increase in GDH. We also derived strong correlations between several seed and seedling traits both under field conditions and in incubators. Our results indicate that seed mass, incubator-based germination percentage (Germ%Inc) and the output of germinable seeds (product of number of seeds and Germ%Inc divided by 100) from plants grown along a latitudinal gradient (i.e. at different temperature regimes) provide valuable proxies to parameterize key population processes in models.We conclude that (1) climate warming may have a pronounced positive impact on sexual reproduction of A. nemorosa and (2) climate models forecasting plant distributions would benefit from including the temperature sensitivity of key seed traits and population processes. |
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