Explaining growth of individual trees: Light interception and efficiency of light use by Eucalyptus at four sites in Brazil |
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| Authors: | Dan Binkley José Luiz Stape William L Bauerle Michael G Ryan |
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| Institution: | 1. Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;2. Department Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8008, USA;3. Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;4. Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 240W. Prospect, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;5. Affiliate Faculty, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;1. USP, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;2. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;4. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil;5. Klabin, Telêmaco Borba, PR, Brazil;6. CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France;7. USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, IAG, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil;8. Université de Lorraine, UMR INRA-UL 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Vandoeuvret-les-Nancy, France;1. Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Campus Box 8001, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States;2. Department of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitario, Campus Box 3037, LEMAF, Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil;3. Department of Forest Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Padua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;4. Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 W Campus Dr, Campus Box 169, 24061 Blacksburg, VA, United States;5. Fibria Celulose S.A. Rod. Aracruz, B. Riacho, Aracruz 29192-000, Brazil;1. Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Campus Box 8001, Zip Code: 27695, Raleigh, NC, United States;2. Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 310 W Campus Dr, Campus Box 169, Zip Code: 24061, Blacksburg, VA, United States;3. Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Box 101, Rod. Ulysses Gaboardi, Km 3, Zip Code: 89.520-000, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil;4. Department of Forest Science, State University of São Paulo, Avenida Universitária, n° 3780, Zip Code: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;5. Department of Forest Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Zip Code: 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Campus Box 8001, 27695 Raleigh, NC, United States;2. Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 W Campus Dr, Campus Box 169, 24061 Blacksburg, VA, United States;3. Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Biodiversity, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Box 101, Rod. Ulysses Gaboardi, Km 3, 89.520-000 Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil;4. Department of Forest Science, State University of São Paulo, Avenida Universitária, n° 3780, 18610-034 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;5. Department of Forest Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;1. School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;2. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden;3. Federal University of Santa Catarina – UFSC, 89.520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil;4. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, Via Comendador Pedro Morganti, 3500 - Bairro Monte Alegre, Brazil;5. Department of Forest Sciences, University of São Paulo, 13400 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;6. Department of Forest Science, São Paulo State University, 18600 Botucatu, SP, Brazil;1. Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr., Campus Box 8001, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;2. Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 310 W Campus Dr, Campus Box 169, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;3. Forestry Science and Research Institute, Via Comendador Pedro Morganti, 3500 – Bairro Monte Alegre, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13415-000, Brazil;4. Department of Forest Science, State University of São Paulo, Avenida Universitária, n° 3780, Botucatu, São Paulo 18610-034, Brazil;5. Department of Forest Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The growth of wood in trees and forests depends on the acquisition of resources (light, water, and nutrients), the efficiency of using resources for photosynthesis, and subsequent partitioning to woody tissues. Patterns of efficiency over time for individual trees, or between trees at one time, result from changes in rates photosynthesis and shifts in the relative partitioning to wood. We measured the production ecology (stem growth, light interception, and light use efficiency) to explain patterns of growth among trees within plots through stand development, and tested three hypotheses: (1) dominant trees have higher light use efficiency than subordinate trees; (2) lower variation in the size distribution of trees within plots allows higher light use efficiency; and (3) uniform stand structure and high light use efficiency reduce the age-related decline in tree growth. The experiment used clonal plantations of Eucalyptus at four locations in eastern Brazil. Irrigation and fertilization treatments ensured the major resource limitation for tree growth would be light supply. The influence of variation in the sizes of trees within plots was tested by comparing plots with all trees planted in a single day (uniform treatment) with plots where planting was spread over 80 days (heterogeneous treatment). Light interception per tree was simulated with the MAESTRA model. Across sites, treatments and whole-rotation stand development, dominant trees showed higher rates of stem growth, light interception, and light use efficiency than subordinate trees (supporting the first hypothesis). For example, dominant trees (80th percentile rank) at the end of the rotation grew four-times faster than suppressed trees (20th percentile rank), as a result of 2.1-fold greater light interception, and 1.8-fold greater stem growth per unit of light interception. In some cases, greater variation among tree sizes within plots led to lower efficiency of light use by average-size trees, providing mixed evidence for the second hypothesis. Greater uniformity of sizes of trees within plots did not substantially mitigate the decline in stem growth from mid-rotation to the end of the rotation, refuting the third hypothesis. The high efficiency of dominant trees underscores the marginal contribution of subordinate trees to total stand growth, and should spur further work on thinning to increase growth and lengthen rotations for dominant trees. |
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