不同土壤类型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施肥效应

【目的】研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作在不同类型土壤上的养分吸收特点及施肥增产效应,为因土施肥和资源高效利用提供依据。【方法】采用池栽试验,选用4种土壤(中壤潮土、砂壤潮土、砂姜黑土、黄褐土),设置3个施肥水平(不施肥、中量施肥、高量施肥),研究不同土壤的养分供应特点和施肥增产效应及肥料利用效率。【结果】在不施肥条件下,冬小麦、夏玉米的植株氮素、磷素、钾素积累量和产量在4种土壤上均表现为:中壤潮土砂姜黑土黄褐土砂壤潮土,表明不同土壤的养分供应能力和基础生产力差别较大。施肥显著增加了冬小麦、夏玉米植株的养分积累量和产量,周年植株氮素积累量增加37.7%—98.7%,磷素积累量增加23.6%—75.3%,钾素积累量增加29.3%—76.1%,周年作物增产26.5%—64.4%。冬小麦、夏玉米植株氮素、磷素、钾素积累的增加量和增产效果均表现为:砂壤潮土黄褐土砂姜黑土中壤潮土,整体表现出基础生产力较高的土壤,养分供应能力较强,施肥增产效应较小。冬小麦、夏玉米的肥料农学效率均表现为:砂壤潮土黄褐土砂姜黑土中壤潮土,即基础生产力较低的土壤,肥料的利用效率更高。高量施肥使砂壤潮土和黄褐土上冬小麦、夏玉米的植株养分积累量及产量显著增加,中壤潮土和砂姜黑土增加不显著。【结论】不同类型土壤的基础生产力不同,较高基础生产力的土壤养分供应能力较强,施肥增产效应较小,肥料利用效率较低;较低基础生产力土壤表达趋势相反。肥力较高的中壤潮土和砂姜黑土,应提高土壤养分的利用,降低肥料的施用量;肥力较低的砂壤潮土和黄褐土,应注意培肥地力,不断提高土壤的生产力。

Effects of Fertilization on Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System in Different Soil Types

【Objective】The objective of the experiment was to study the nutrient absorption characteristics and the effects of fertilization on crop yield of winter wheat and summer maize in different soil types, the results of the study can provide a basis for fertilization and high efficient utilization of resources.【Method】The experiment with four kinds of soil types (clay fluvo-aquic soil, sandy fluvo-aquic soil, black soil and yellow-cinnamon soil) and three fertilizer levels (no fertilizer, middle fertilizer and high fertilizer) was conducted by a pool experiment to investigate the soil nutrient supply characteristics, the effects of fertilization on production and fertilizer use efficiency in different soil types.【Result】The results showed that under no fertilizer application, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation and yields of winter wheat and summer maize decreased in the four kinds of soil in the order: clay fluvo-aquic soil＞black soil＞yellow-cinnamon soil＞sandy fluvo-aquic soil, which indicated a significant difference among different soil types in soil nutrient supplying capacity and productivity. Fertilization significantly increased crop nutrient accumulation and yield in four soil types. Compared with no fertilizer treatment, the nitrogen accumulation in whole year increased by 37.7%-98.7%, phosphorus accumulation increased by 23.6%-75.3%, potassium accumulation increased by 29.3%-76.1%, and yields of winter wheat and summer maize increased by 26.5%-64.4%. The increases of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation and yield of winter wheat and summer maize in four soil types were in the order of sandy fluvo-aquic soil ＞yellow-cinnamon soil＞black soil＞clay fluvo-aquic soil, which showed that the higher of soil productivity, the bigger of nutrient supply ability, the lower effect of fertilization on crop yield. Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer of winter wheat and summer maize in four soil types were characterized by: sandy fluvo-aquic soil＞yellow-cinnamon soil＞black soil＞clay fluvo-aquic soil, which means that the lower of productivity of soil, the higher the fertilizer use efficiency. The nutrient accumulations and yields of winter wheat and summer maize increased significantly under high fertilizer in sandy fluvo-aquic soil and yellow-cinnamon soil. However, there was no significant increase in clay fluvo-aquic soil and black soil.【Conclusion】The higher nutrient supply ability, lower effect of fertilization on crop yield and lower fertilizer use efficiency were found in the higher productivity soil types. While there was a contrary rule in the lower productivity soil types. Therefore, attention should be made to increase soil nutrient and decrease fertilizer application in the clay fluvo-aquic soil and black soil with high fertility, while increase fertilizer application in the sandy fluvo-aquic soil and yellow-cinnamon soil with low fertility to increase soil productivity constantly.