户外游憩管理矩阵理论在国家公园管理中的应用及启示

户外游憩是国家公园最重要的功能之一。最早建立的国家公园距今已有150年的历史，形成了科学的户外游憩管理理论和丰富的管理实践，户外游憩管理矩阵（ORMM）理论被认为是国家公园游憩管理中落地效果最好的工具之一。当前我国刚刚设立第 1 批国家公园，基于资源、体验和设施服务影响的ORMM理论可为中国国家公园游憩管理提供发展新思路。文中梳理了ORMM理论，介绍了美国德纳里国家公园和保留区利用该矩阵的游憩管理实践，从资源保护与游憩供给的协调、游客中心职能建设和适应性游憩管理3个方面提出了适用于我国国家公园游憩管理的措施，以期为我国国家公园的户外游憩管理提供借鉴。

Application and Enlightenment of Outdoor Recreation Management Matrix in National Park Management: A Case Study of the Denali National Park and Preserve

Outdoor recreation is one of the most important function of national parks. National park has a history of nearly 150 years since the first one was set up, for which science-based outdoor recreation management theories have been developed and rich management practices have accumulated. The Outdoor Recreation Management Matrix (ORMM) theory is considered to be one of the tools with the best effect for national park recreation management. China formally announced the first batch of national parks just now. ORMM theory based on resource impact, experience impact and facility service impact could provide a new idea for the recreation management of national parks in China. This paper reviews the ORMM theory and introduces the practical application of the matrix to the management of the Denali National Park and Preserve. This paper puts forward the measures suitable for the recreation management of national parks in China from three aspects of the coordination of resource protection and recreation supply, the function setup of tourist center and adaptive recreation management, with the aim to provide reference for the outdoor recreation management of national parks in China.