普通玉米子粒性状四类效应的遗传分析

采用二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳种子遗传模型及其分析方法，以５个玉米自交系及其间配制的Ｆ１，Ｆ２，ＢＣ１，ＢＣ２为材料，研究了５个玉米种子性状的胚直接效应、胚乳直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应。结果表明，除粒宽外，各性状的遗传同时由质效应和胚、胚乳、母体基因效应所控制，丰粒重主要受胚乳和母体效应的影响，粒长的遗传以母体效应为主，粒宽和粒厚以胚乳效应为主。各部位子粒百粒重的胚乳直接加性效应与母体加性效应的协方差达显著或极显著水平，其余性状的胚、胚乳直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著，通过母体植株的遗传表现可对这些性状进行有效的选择。在提高丰粒重的玉米育种中，以任一部位子粒百粒重作为选择标准可起到相同的选择效果，直接选择粒宽的分离类型有利于获得大粒的遗传材料。Ｓ２２是改良百粒重的优良亲本。

Genetic Analysis on Four Effects of Seed Traits in Normal Maize (Zea mays L.)

The embryo, endosperm and cytoplasm effects of five seed traits were studied by genetic model for diploid embryo and triploid endosperm plant seeds using five inbreds and their F 1, F 2, BC 1 and BC 2 generations. The estimates of genetic variance components indicated that the inheritance of all other kernel traits were controlled by the four effects otherwise kernel width. Endosperm and maternal effects were the main ones for 100-kernel weight, and the maternal one for kernel length, the endosperm one for kernel width and kernel thick. Except for the significant or highly significant covariances between the endosperm direct additive and maternal additive effects for 100-kernel weight, all other ones between the embryo or endosperm direct effect and the maternal one were not significant. So, maize inbreds could be developed by direct selection based on maternal plants for these traits. In the corn breeding for high kernel weight, similar selection result could be obtained using the 100-kernel weight of any ear part as selection criteria, and direct selection for types with high kernel width could make it easier to obtain genetic materials with high kernel weight. S 22 was the best inbred for the improvement for kernel weight in this study.