Genetic diversity and spatial structure in a new distinct <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma cacao</Emphasis> L. population in Bolivia |
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Authors: | Dapeng Zhang Windson July Martínez Elizabeth S Johnson Eduardo Somarriba Wilberth Phillips-Mora Carlos Astorga Sue Mischke Lyndel W Meinhardt |
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Institution: | (1) USDA-ARS PSI SPCL, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 001, Rm. 223, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;(2) Research and Development Division, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica;(3) Present address: CABI Caribbean and Latin America, Gordon Street, Curepe, Trinidad, Tobago, West Indies |
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Abstract: | Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important economic crop in the Bolivian Amazon. Bolivian farmers both cultivate cacao, and extract fruits from
wild stands in the Beni River region and in valleys of the Andes foothills. The germplasm group traditionally used is presently
referred to as “Cacao Nacional Boliviano” (CNB). Using DNA fingerprinting technology based on microsatellite markers, we genotyped
164 Bolivian cacao accessions, including both cultivated and wild CNB accessions sampled from the Amazonian regions of La
Paz and Beni, and compared their SSR profiles with 78 reference Forastero accessions from Amazonian cacao populations, including
germplasm from the Ucayali region of Peru. Results of multivariate ordination and analysis of molecular variance show that
CNB cacao has a unique genetic profile that is significantly different from the known cacao germplasm groups in South America.
The results also show that cultivated CNB and wild CNB populations in the Beni River share a similar genetic profile, suggesting
that the cultivated CNB is of indigenous origin in Bolivia. The level of genetic diversity, measured by allele richness and
gene diversity in the Bolivian cacao, is moderately high, but was significantly lower than gene diversity in the other Amazonian
cacao populations. Significant spatial genetic structure was detected in the wild CNB population, using analysis of autocorrelation
(rc = 0.232; P < 0.001) and Mantel tests (Rxy = 0.276; P < 0.001). This finding is also highly valuable to support in situ conservation and sustainable use of CNB genetic diversity in Bolivia. |
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