社会生态视阈下的敏感区养殖污染治理分析--以福建省南平市西芹水厂水源地周边地区为例

为提高生态敏感区养殖污染治理成效和公众参与度,本文以福建省南平市西芹水厂水源地周边地区的养猪污染治理为例,从社会生态的角度探讨治理新思路。应用Mitchell评分法对利益相关者进行识别和分类,建立理论分析框架并探讨利益相关者生态经济需求差异及"养殖户-公众-村委"关系网络对污染治理的影响,进而以13个村委和111个农户的问卷调查和驻村观察数据为基础,比较各利益相关者态度和行为差异,应用Tobit回归分析显著影响态度的因素,应用Logistic回归分析影响参与行为的关键因素。结果表明,利益相关者的社会、经济、生态利益需求和"上下游公众-养殖户-上下游村委"社会网络是水源地周边地区养殖污染治理决策的重要出发点。利益相关者对养猪污染治理的态度组间差异较大:养殖户、上游公众及村委倾向于经济发展,下游公众及村委热衷于环境保护,村委支持养猪污染治理的态度得分明显高于养殖户与公众。性别、利益需求类型、教育程度和年龄对个体支持养猪污染治理的态度具有显著影响,女性较男性更支持污染治理,利益需求越弱、受教育程度越高和年龄越大的个体更支持养猪污染治理。利益需求类型和关系程度对个体参与治理行为具有显著影响,利益需求越强、与养殖户关系越密切的社会个体参与治理的可能性越低,而态度对行为并无显著影响。利益需求未能得到重视和当地社会关系网的阻碍使得积极参与治理的公众较少,影响了治理效果。充分考虑各利益相关者的生态、经济、社会利益需求及当地社会关系网络的影响,协调不同主体的关键利益需求矛盾,分析利用乡土社会关系网络,由政府主导治理转向多元利益主体网络治理是促进生态敏感区畜禽养殖污染治理的新思路。

Analysis of livestock farming pollution control in ecologically sensitive areas through socio-ecological lens: A case of the water sourcing buffer zone of Xiqin Water Plant in Nanping City, Fujian Province

In livestock pollution control, the attitudes and behaviors of various stakeholders have not only been influenced by ecological and economic conditions and their interrelationships, but also directly affected the effectiveness of pollution management which is critical for sustainable development in rural regions. In order to improve the effectiveness and public participation in livestock pollution control in ecologically sensitive areas, this study explored a new idea of governance to effectively control pollution from livestock farms through socio-ecological lens by using the water sourcing buffer zone of Xiqin Water Plant in Nanping City (Fujian Province, China) as a case study. The Mitchell scoring method was used to identify and classify stakeholders. A theory-driven analytical framework was formulated to examine the differences in ecological, social and economic desires among different stakeholders, the relationship networks of pig farmers, village committee members and the general public, and the roles and impacts of these stakeholders in pollution governance. This framework was tested in an empirical analysis using data collected through face-to-face interviews and direct observations of 13 village committees and 111 households in the water sourcing zone of Xiqin Water Plant. Tobit regression was used to identify the factors influencing the attitudes of stakeholders toward pollution control in pig farming. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors influencing the behavior of stakeholders in controlling pollution. The results showed that the social, economic and ecological desires of stakeholders and their social networks had statistically significant impacts on governance decisions-making. Attitudes toward pollution control differed across stakeholders - pig farmers, upstream inhabitants and village committees preferred economic development while downstream inhabitants and village committees favored environmental protection. Village committees had significantly higher attitude scores in supporting pollution control than the inhabitants and pig farmers. Individual attitude scores varied significantly with gender, desire type, education and age. Females and the elderly had a weaker desire for pollution control and the higher education folks showed more positive attitude toward pollution control. While the attitude of stakeholders was not correlated with behavior in pollution control, the desire and relationship with pig farmers significantly affected behavior. Stakeholders with weaker desires were more likely to choose active participatory behavior in pollution control. Then stakeholders with closer relationship with pig farmers were less likely to choose active participatory behavior. The lack of public participation because of negligence of ecological, economic and social desires, and obstruction from local social relationship networks impeded pollution control in pig farming in the study area. A new livestock pollution governance approach was proposed, which sought the transformation of government-led pollution control systems into shared multi-stakeholder governance systems by taking into account the ecological, economic and social desires of stakeholders and local social relationship networks, balancing the interests of different stakeholders and taking advantage of local social networks. Strengthening education, promoting the participation of the elderly and women in decision-making and establishing mechanisms for total village pig control, upstream-downstream ecological compensations, tradable pig emission permits and eco-certified pig raising subsidies could guide the attention of stakeholders for environmental benefits. Environmental protection advocacy, training and guidance focused on local clan organizations, elderly associations, civil society organizations, farmers' cooperative organizations and village elites could promote the overall social networks to more effectively support pollution control.