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Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose on avocado fruit in Mexico: Current status
Authors:Dionicio Fuentes-Aragón  Hilda V Silva-Rojas  Vladimiro Guarnaccia  José A Mora-Aguilera  Sergio Aranda-Ocampo  Néstor Bautista-Martínez  Daniel Téliz-Ortíz
Institution:1. Posgrado en Fitosanidad, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico;2. Producción de Semillas, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico;3. Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
Abstract:Colletotrichum species cause anthracnose disease in tropical and subtropical fruit crops worldwide. Mexico is the main producer and exporter of avocado (Persea americana) globally and has yearly outbreaks of anthracnose on this crop. However, which specific Colletotrichum spp. cause these outbreaks in avocado-producing regions remain uncertain; thus, the objective of the present study was to identify the species responsible. A survey performed in six production regions of Mexico yielded 232 isolates, from which a subset of 104 strains was selected based on morphological characteristics and origin. This subset was sequenced and haplotypes were analysed in the gapdh partial gene. Finally, 31 strains were identified through multilocus phylogenetic analyses using the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region and six loci. This study revealed the presence of two species previously reported in Mexico (C. karsti and C. godetiae), three novel records in Mexico (C. siamense, C. fioriniae, and C. cigarro), four novel records on avocado (C. chrysophilum, C. jiangxiense, C. tropicale, and C. nymphaeae), and two novel lineages (Colletotrichum sp. 1 and Colletotrichum sp. 2). C. siamense was the most prevalent, while the species reported for the first time on avocado, including the novel lineages, were the least prevalent. C. karsti was the most widespread (four regions), followed by C. siamense, C. jiangxiense, and C. chrysophilum (three regions). Pathogenicity tests showed that all species caused anthracnose on avocado fruit. These findings will be useful for improving the management of avocado anthracnose outbreaks in Mexico.
Keywords:Colletotrichum jiangxiense sexual morph  Colletotrichum species  multilocus phylogenetic analyses  pathogenicity test  Persea americana
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