果园有机肥深施机土肥混合分层回填装置研制

针对果园有机肥传统深施方式存在的肥料过于集中、利用率低等问题,该研究设计了一种土肥混合分层回填装置。该装置采用绞龙输送回填土肥,并在绞龙间螺旋布置桨叶用以提高土肥混合质量,再通过前、中、后3组混合回填部件将土肥混合物依次回填至施肥沟中,实现分层回填。首先,通过理论计算确定绞龙的结构参数。进一步以混合桨叶侧向角、俯仰角和转速为因素,以有机肥比例相对标准差和颗粒结构间法向接触力为评价指标,进行离散元仿真试验。仿真结果表明,桨叶侧向角、俯仰角和转速分别为90°、60°和200r/min时,有机肥比例相对标准差为40.35%,颗粒结构间法向接触力为0.33N,混合均匀度最高,且接触力较小。在最优桨叶参数的基础上,通过仿真试验得到,混合均匀度先随桨叶布置区域长度的增加而提高,当长度大于400mm时趋于稳定。理论计算和台架试验结果表明:当前、中、后卸料口导流板倾斜角度分别为70°、65°、50°时,各层的土肥在施肥沟的整个宽度范围内可以均匀分布,提高分层质量。有机肥比例相对标准差与仿真试验结果的相对误差为0.11%,表明仿真优化结果可靠,该装置混合性能较好,可满足土肥混合作业要求。

Development of soil-fertilizer mixing layered backfiller for organic fertilizer deep applicator in orchard

Deep application of organic fertilizer in orchards was often confined to the excessive concentration of fertilizer, and low utilization rate in traditional agriculture. In this study, a feasible layered backfill device was designed for the mixed soil and fertilizer. An auger was used to transport the backfill soil and fertilizer. Paddles were arranged to evenly mix the soil and fertilizer. Three groups of mixed backfill components were set to realize the layered backfill. A theoretical calculation was conducted to determine the parameters of the backfill auger, according to the amount of backfill needed to be transported. Specifically, the outer diameter of the auger was 0.280 m, the pitch was 0.200 m, and the rotational speed was more than 98 r/min. Taking the sideward angle of paddle, pitch angle of paddle and rotational speed as test factors, the relative standard deviation of organic fertilizer proportion and the average normal contact force of particle structure as evaluation indexes, a response surface simulation test was carried out to obtain the regression equation. An optimal combination of mixing paddle parameters was obtained, where the minimum evaluation index was taken as the objective. The best mixing effect was achieved, where the relative standard deviation was 40.35%, and the normal contact force was 0.33 N, when the sideward angle of paddle, pitch angle of paddle and rotational speed were 90°, 60°, and 200 r/min, respectively. An attempt was also made to explore the influence of the length for the paddle arrangement area on particle mixing in the simulation test. The results showed that the uniformity of particle mixing increased with the increase in the length of the paddle arrangement area, which tended to be stable at 400 mm. The mixing paddles were arranged in the whole length of the front and middle mixing backfill parts, and only within the length of 400 mm for the post-mixing backfill part. A deflector was also designed for a better stratification effect. The reason was that the soil and fertilizer cannot be evenly distributed in the whole width range, even piled up directly in one place, particularly for the wide fertilizing ditch. A bench test was performed on the movement of particles at the discharging port, thereby evaluating the mixing performance of the device. When the optimal inclination angles of deflectors at the front, middle and back discharging port were 70°, 65°, and 50°, respectively, the soil and fertilizer in each layer was evenly distributed in the whole width of the fertilization ditch, indicating an improved stratification effect. A fertilizing ditch was opened with a width of 0.3 m, a depth of 0.4 m, and a length of 15 m. On the left side of the ditch, a ridge with a width of 0.2 m and a height of 0.2 m was set, on which the organic fertilizer was arranged. During the test, the feeding area was aligned with the ridge, and the discharging port was aligned with the ditch. After the test, three areas with a length of 0.5 m and width of 0.3 m were selected in the ditch, where 5-point sampling was used for sampling. The samples were laid flat in a box with a length of 280 mm and a width of 220 mm. Then the images were captured. An image processing was used to calculate the proportion of organic fertilizer. The relative standard deviation was 18.03%. In order to verify the accuracy of discrete element model and the reliability of the simulation optimization results, the sample size was set to be consistent with the bench test in the simulation test with the optimal paddle parameters, and the relative standard deviation of organic fertilizer proportion was calculated, which was 18.01%, the relative error was 0.11%. The results showed that the discrete element model was accurate, the simulation optimization result was reliable, and the mixing performance of the device was good, which can meet the requirements of soil fertilizer mixing operation.