耕种方式对华北地区冬小麦群体质量及产量的影响

为探讨华北地区耕种方式对冬小麦群体质量和产量的影响,2011-2013年通过大田定位试验,分析了免耕条播、深松条播、旋耕条播、机械撒播方式下冬小麦生育进程、群体大小、干物质积累、产量及其构成的特点。结果表明,免耕条播冬小麦分蘖不足,群体数量小,干物质积累少,叶面积指数偏低,穗粒数、千粒重较低,产量低于其他耕种方式;深松条播冬小麦成熟略晚,群体较大,茎蘖成穗率高,干物质积累量、叶面积指数、成穗数和产量均高于旋耕条播,穗粒数、千粒重与之差异不明显;机械撒播冬小麦虽然存在种子有效覆盖度小、种子深浅不一、出苗率低等缺点,但分蘖优势明显,干物质积累最多,叶面积指数最大且最大值出现早,千粒重、穗粒数略有降低,成穗数极显著高于其他处理,较旋耕条播和深松条播分别增产15%和11%以上。综合来看,机械撒播有利于优化小麦群体质量,提高整体产量水平,是目前华北地区冬小麦较理想的耕种方式。

Effect of Seeding and Tillage Methods on Population Quality and Yield of Winter Wheat in North China

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of different seeding and tillage methods on growth durations of critical stages,population size,dry matter accumulation,and final yield of winter wheat in North China. In a two-year field experiment from september 2011 to summer 2013,we compared the effects of no tillage with row planting(NTS),subsoiling tillage with row planting(DTS),rotary tillage with row planting(RTS),and broadcast sowing by mechanical(BSS),under the condition of same sowing date and similar seedling densities within a year. The results indicated that the number of tiller per plant significantly decreased in NTS treatment,which resulted in low population,low dry matter accumulation,and low leaf area index. The grain number per spike,thousand kernel weight was lower,and the yield was lowest in NTS treatment. Winter wheat maturation was later,population was lager,and the earbearing tiller percentage was higher in DTS treatment. Compared with RTS,dry matter accumulation and leaf area index was higher in NTS treatment. Although the difference of grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight between DTS and RTS was not significant,and the yield was increased significantly because of the high productive panicle number. Although winter wheat in BSS treatment had many disadvantages such as insufficient coverage of seeds,different depth of sowing and low emergence rate,but tillering advantage was significant,dry matter accumulation was higher,leaf area index was the largest and the maximum value come earlier than in other treatment. The grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight decreased slightly,but productive panicle number was higher significantly than in other treatment. The result of 2 years indicated that the yield of winter wheat in BSS treatment was increased more than 15% and 11% than in RTS and DTS,respectively. Therefore,wheat broadcast sowing by mechanical is the preferable seeding and tillage methods for improving population quality and increasing whole yield level at present in North China.