不同种植模式对冬小麦产量及水分利用特性的影响

为探讨适宜河北山前平原高产限水区冬小麦节水稳产的种植模式,于2014-2015年研究了不同种植模式对最大叶面积指数、群体变化、表层土壤水分含量、耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验设秸秆覆盖(微喷灌)、全膜覆土穴播(不灌水)、垄上覆膜(膜侧条播,淋灌)、免耕沟播(每沟淋灌)、免耕沟播(隔沟淋灌)、微喷灌对照、畦灌对照共7个处理,畦灌对照灌水量为150mm(越冬水和拔节水各75mm),各微灌处理灌水量均为30mm(拔节水)。结果表明,秸秆覆盖处理较微喷灌对照增产2.1%,差异不显著,水分利用效率二者相同;秸秆覆盖处理冬前、返青期、拔节期表层土壤水分含量均高于微喷灌对照。秸秆覆盖处理、微喷灌对照较畦灌对照分别减产0.6%和2.6%,差异不显著,而水分利用效率同为31.7kg·hm-2·mm-1,较畦灌对照增加32.1%,差异极显著。秸秆覆盖处理成穗率显著高于微喷灌对照,微喷灌对照成穗率显著高于畦灌对照;秸秆覆盖处理冬前0~20cm土层含水量较微喷灌对照、畦灌对照分别增加6.36%和5.92%,差异均显著。秸秆覆盖处理下冬小麦生育期土壤水消耗量略低于膜侧条播处理,而高于其他微灌处理,说明秸秆覆盖模式在降水量偏少的年份有利于冬小麦利用0~2m土壤贮水。

Effect of Different Cropping Patterns on Yield and Water Use Characteristics of Winter Wheat

In order to explore the suitable water-saving cropping pattern of winter wheat in Hebei piedmont plain, the effects of different cropping patterns on the maximum leaf area index, population changes, surface soil moisture content, water consumption characteristics, grain yield and water use efficiency were studied in 2014-2015. The experiment was set with seven treatments: straw mulching with micro-sprinkler irrigation, the whole film casing dibble seeding with no irrigation, the ridge covered with plastic film with film side drilling and leaching irrigation, no-till furrow sowing with each ditch irrigation, no-till furrow sowing with isolation ditch spray irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation and border irrigation as controls.Border irrigation amount was 150 mm (pre-wintering and jointing) and each micro-irrigation treatment irrigation were 30 mm (jointing). The results show that the grain yield of straw mulching treatment was increased by 2.1%, with no significant difference, compared to that of micro-sprinkler irrigation, and water use efficiency of both treatments was the same. The surface soil moisture content of pre-wintering, re-greening and jointing of straw mulching treatment were higher than those of micro-sprinkler irrigation. The grain yield of straw mulching treatment and micro-sprinkler irrigation were decreased by 0.6% and 2.6%, respectively, compared to that of border irrigation, with no significant difference. While the water use efficiency of straw mulching and micro-sprinkler irrigation were both 31.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1, which was increased by 32.1% with significant difference, compared to that of border irrigation. The percentage of earbearing tiller of straw mulching treatment was significantly higher than that of micro-sprinkler irrigation, followed by that of border irrigation. The 0-20 cm soil moisture content of straw mulching treatment before winter was increased by 6.36% and 5.92%,respectively, compared to those of micro-sprinkler irrigation and border irrigation, with significant difference. The soil water consumption of straw mulching treatment was slightly lower than that of the film side drilling treatment but higher than those of other micro-irrigation treatments during winter wheat growing period, indicating that straw mulching mode is beneficial to utilize 0-2 m soil water storage of winter wheat in low rainfall years.