金属有机框架 (MOF) 类新型肥料在水稻上的应用初探

【目的】金属有机框架 (metal-organic framework，MOF) 是基于分子设计的一种新型团簇功能化合物，为实现多元化养分设计，生产环境友好的新型肥料提供了新的手段。本研究在水热条件下合成了两种MOF肥料，评估了这两种MOF材料作为新型肥料的潜力和可行性。【方法】以氯化铁 (FeCl₃·6H₂O)、硫酸锌 (ZnSO₄·7H₂O)、磷酸 (H₃PO₄)、草酸 (H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O) 和尿素 (CO(NH₂)₂) 为基础原料，在高压反应釜内100℃下合成MOF1和MOF2。MOF1和MOF2分别含Fe 18.6%、15.6%，P 15.7%、16.5%，N 5.16%、4.57%，C 4.61%、5.21%，MOF2还含Zn 2.89%。试验共设4个处理:不施肥 (CK)、常规施肥 (CF)、MOF1和MOF2。3个施肥处理为等氮磷钾设计，施肥水平为N 150 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 200 kg/hm2和K₂O 150 kg/hm2。在水稻分蘖、拔节、孕穗及成熟期，采集土样，测定铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、有效铁、有效锌含量及pH。水稻成熟后，测定产量、千粒重、穗粒数、有效穗数和结实率。【结果】与CF相比，MOF1和MOF2处理的水稻产量分别增加了7.7%和6.3%，相关农艺性状也均有改善。MOF1和MOF2处理的水稻营养器官总干物质量和氮累积量均显著高于CF处理；CF处理的氮素利用率为32.8%，而MOF1和MOF2处理分别达到46.4%和43.0%，与CF差异显著。在成熟期，MOF1和MOF2处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮及有效铁含量较CF均显著增加。【结论】两个以磷和铁为主要养分的新型金属框架结构肥料不仅能提高水稻产量和氮素利用率，而且也可改善水稻相关农艺性状以及提高土壤养分含量，其作为新型肥料，具有广阔的应用潜力。

Exploration of metal-organic framework (MOF) material as a new type of fertilizer applied in rice

【Objectives】Metal-organic framework (MOF) is a new type of cluster functional compound based on molecular design, which provides a new idea for the design of new type of fertilizers. Two MOF materials were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, and their availability as fertilizer was testified.【Methods】FeCl₃·6H₂O, ZnSO₄·7H₂O, H₃PO₄, H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O and CO (NH₂)₂ were used as basal reactants, and reaction was conducted inside reactors at 100℃. Two MOFs, i.e., MOF1 and MOF2 were designed, the nutrient composition in MOF1 and MOF2 was: Fe 18.6% and 15.6%; P 15.7% and 16.5%, N 5.16% and 4.57%, C 4.61% and 5.21%, Zn 0 and 2.89%, respectively. A field experiment was conducted using the two MOFs, as well as a conventional fertilizer (CF) as treatments and a no fertilizer control (CK). The three fertilizer treatments had the same NKP input rate (N 150 kg/hm2, P₂O₅ 200 kg/hm2and K₂O 150 kg/hm2) and fertilization method. At tillering, jointing, booting and ripening stage of rice, tillage layer soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected, and ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available P, available Fe, available Zn and pH were determined. At harvest, the grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, the number of kernels per ear, the number of effective ears and seed-setting rate of rice were investigated.【Results】Compared with the CF, the grain yields of MOF1 and MOF2 were increased by 7.7% and 6.3%, respectively, and the relevant agronomic traits were also improved. The total dry matter and N accumulation in MOF1 and MOF2 were significantly higher than those in CF; the nitrogen utilization rate in CF was 32.8%, whereas in MOF1 and MOF2 were 46.4% and 43.0%. At the mature stage, the soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and available Fe content in MOF1 and MOF2 were also significantly higher than those in CF.【Conclusions】The new type of fertilizers with MOF frames demonstrates the effectiveness in improving grain yield, nitrogen utilization efficiencies and soil nutrient contents. So MOF could be an alternative option for the development of new type of fertilizers.