Responses of four hornet species to levels of urban greenness in Nagoya city,Japan: Implications for ecosystem disservices of urban green spaces |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China;2. Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China;1. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;2. Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;3. Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;4. School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;5. Hubei Provincial Research Centre of Human Settlement Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 4330072, China;1. Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan;2. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan;3. Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Wakaba 2-11, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8586, Japan;1. University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, Austria;2. Museum of Natural History Vienna, 1st Zoological Department, Bird Collection, Austria;3. University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, Austria |
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| Abstract: | Although there is a common trend towards increasing green space in modern cities, urban green spaces provide not only ecosystem services but also disservices for urban dwellers. However, the relationship between urban greenness and ecosystem disservices has been poorly examined. We aimed to understand the effect of greenness level on the abundance and species composition of hornets – critical pests in Japan and to identify the best spatial scale for estimating their abundance with reference to greenness levels. We used a dataset that contained eight years of abundance data for four hornet species at 11 sites in Nagoya city. The levels of greenness around the hornet sampling points were measured using averages from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with radiuses of 0.1–10.0 km. We analysed the relationship between abundance and species composition of hornets and NDVI at different spatial scales using generalized linear mixed models. Higher NDVI values positively affected the abundance of all the hornet species except Vespa analis. The abundances were estimated most effectively using the NDVI average with a 1–2 km radius for all species. The species composition of hornets drastically changed along the gradient of NDVI values; V. mandarinia was dominant in greener areas (over 0.2–0.3 NDVI average with a 2 km radius) and V. analis in less green areas (below 0.2–0.3 NDVI average). Our study showed that the abundance and species composition of hornets were both strongly associated with the level of urban greenness. This suggests that increases in the greenness of urban areas can increase hornet abundance and alter the species composition of hornets; a more aggressive species, V. mandarinia, may also increase in urban areas, although V. analis is currently the most critical species according to regional consultants. Balancing ecosystem services and disservices has become crucial for the planning and management of green spaces, particularly when urban green space increases. We also demonstrate how human tolerance towards wildlife may have to be improved in order to live in greener environment where wildlife can be expected. |
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| Keywords: | Ecosystem disservices Green spaces Human wildlife conflict NDVI Urban ecology Urban planning Vespa |
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