Urban-rural and temporal differences of woody plants and bird species in Harbin city,northeastern China |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China;2. Urban forest and wetland research group, Northeast Institute of geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130102, PR China;1. Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130102, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China;1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China;2. School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China;3. Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic;4. Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4, Canada;1. Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China;2. Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark;3. Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark;4. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China;5. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China;1. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia;2. Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, c/o The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Urbanization has been greatly accelerated by the economic growth in China, while its possible effects on woody plants, bird species and their associations are not well defined yet. Here, we analyzed urban-rural gradients (landscape level: urban-farmland-forest-natural reserves; city level: ring road and urban build-up history) and temporal data (1955–1980–2014 for woody plants; 1980s–2010 s for birds) in Harbin city, China, to investigate the changes in the composition and diversity of woody plants and birds during urbanization. Both landscape gradient and temporal data confirmed that urbanization had the function of species conservations with sharp increases of alien species and tropical type plants. In the case woody species, 60-yr urbanization in Harbin had induced increases of 9 families and 17 genera, and there were 7–20 more families, 12–35 more genera, 1.6–2.6 higher Margalef richness in urban areas than those in nature reserves and local forest farms; Increases in alien species (4-fold in 60-yr urbanization; 21% in urban area vs <2% for non-urban region) and tropical type plants (1.6-fold in 60-yr urbanization; temperate/tropical ratio at 1.2 in urban area vs >1.6 in non-urban area) were mainly responsible for these compositional changes, which can be proved by their significant correlations. Moreover, moderate disturbance had peak values in alien species, tropical type plants, Shannon-wiener diversity, Margalef richness index and Pielou evenness index, and both ring road- and buildup history gradients showed the similar tendency. Compared with those in 1980s, forest- and eurytopic-habitats birds increased 9–11 species (23–39%), and omnivorous, insect-eating, and phytophagous bird increased 5–9 species (14.1–29.4%) in those in 2010s, indicating that bird temporal changes were closely related with the changes in urban forests owing to food supply and habitat provision. Our findings could provide data for biodiversity evaluation of urbanization effects, and is also useful for ecological re-construction of local cities in China. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiversity Regression analysis Tree species Urban avian Urban nature |
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