New insights on the loess/paleosol Quaternary stratigraphy from key sections in the U.S. Midwest

Three key Quaternary loess/paleosol sections were examined in the Missouri Valley (Iowa), Eustis Ash Pit (Nebraska), and in the Wittsburg Quarry (Arkansas) to gain insights into the sedimentation, environment and climate change of the U.S. Midwest. Four loess units are present separated by three well-developed paleosols. Crowley's Ridge Loess (Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 8) is pre-Illinoian in age, and is the oldest loess unit investigated. A well-developed paleosol, interpreted as Yarmouth Soil (OIS 7), is found in this loess in all three sections. Overlying the Yarmouth Soil is Loveland Loess (OIS 6) which has been pedogenically altered by the Sangamon Soil (OIS 5). It has luvisolic properties but a more clayey pedogenic texture than modern luvisols and has no clear eluvial horizon. The overlying Roxana Silt (OIS 4) is pedogenically altered. At Wittsburg and Missouri Valley, the Farmdale Soil (OIS 3) is developed in the Roxana Silt. Based on pedogenic features, we correlate this paleosol to that developed in the Gilman Canyon Formation at Eustis. In Missouri Valley and Eustis sections, the paleosol has chernozemic properties and therefore, the gleyic features observed at Missouri Valley are interpreted as later alterations. Overlying the Farmdale Soil is the widespread Peoria Loess (OIS 2).