Biological control of pigweeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, L. A. Powellii, S. Watson and A. bouchonii Thell.) with phytophagous insects, fungal pathogens and crop management |
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| Authors: | H.M. BURKI D. SCHROEDER J. LAWRIE L. CAGAN M. VRABLOVA M. EL AYDAM F. SZENTKIRALYI R. GHORBANI B. JUTTERSONKE H.U. AMMON |
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| Affiliation: | (1) International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, 1, Chemin des Grillons, CH-2800 Delemont, Switzerland;(2) IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton Bristol, BS18 9AF, UK;(3) Department of Plant Protection, University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, SL-94976 Nitra, Slovakia;(4) Faculte des Sciences, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/12, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium;(5) Plant Protection Research Institute, HAS, PO Box 102, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary;(6) University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building Aberdeen, AB9 2UD, UK;(7) Institute for Integrated Plant Protection, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, D-14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany;(8) Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) are of economic importance worldwide. In Europe, Amaranthus retroflexus is one of the ten weed species of greatest economic importance. It is a serious problem weed in several field crops (e.g. maize), as well as in vegetables, orchards and grape vines. It is an annual spreading by seeds which have a long viabilityand are dispersed principally by wind and water, but also by machinery. There is great variability in seed germination which renders control with post-emergence herbicides difficult. In addition, triazine herbicide-resistant populations occur in ten European countries. The aim of this subproject of COST action 816 is to investigate the possibilities of classical and inundative biological control of Amaranthus spp., to characterize potentialbiological control agents and to develop methods for their integration with current phytosanitary measures in the target crops. The project was initiated with an extended literaturesurvey followed by field surveys for insects and pathogens associated with Amaranthus spp. in several European countries. Promising isolates of fungal pathogens have been tested ondetached leaves and whole plants, and initial studies on the application of pathogens causing damping off in seedlings have been made. Further, the variability of different provenances ofAmaranthus spp. in response to fungal attack has been investigated |
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| Keywords: | Biological control insects pathogens germination taxonomy genetic variability |
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