夏播大豆产量的环境响应及高产品种的主要特性

为明确生长环境对夏播大豆产量的影响及高产品种的主要性状特征,选用50份大豆品种在黄淮海夏播大豆生态区的蒙城、阜南、龙亢试验点进行连续三年的田间试验,研究不同环境下夏播大豆产量和高产大豆品种的农艺、品质、适应性等。结果表明:(1)试点间、年份间及品种间产量差异均达到极显著水平,试点间方差占总方差的15.75%,年份间方差占6.48%,品种间方差占24.90%。3个试点中,蒙城点产量最高,龙亢点最低,平均产量相差在343.63~1 133.28 kg·hm-2,三年均达极显著水平。(2)有14份品种在3年9点次试验中平均产量高于2 700.00 kg·hm~(-2),其中11份是亚有限生长习性,3份是有限生长习性,产量位于前4位的全部是亚有限生长习性品种。高产品种中,亚有限生长习性品种的生殖期、单株粒数等均值大于有限生长习性品种,结荚高度、百粒重等小于有限生长习性品种。与普通品种比较:高产大豆品种的生殖期、主茎节数、单株粒重、种子脂肪含量均值均大于普通品种达极显著水平(t=2.94**;t=3.23**;t=2.87**;t=2.89**),种子蛋白含量低于普通品种达极显著水平(t=2.98**)。(3)筛选出14份高产大豆品种,其中产量位于前四位的分别是高丰1号、GR8836、铁杆1号及中品661,均有较好的广适性。同时,高产品种在蒙城试验点,具有更高的产量和更好的适应性表现。不利的生长环境是目前黄淮夏播生态区大豆产量的主要限制因素之一,针对大豆生长的不利因素,优化栽培技术并配合高产品种,可以起到增产、稳产作用。高产大豆品种一般具有生殖期较长、主茎节数较多、单株粒重较大,脂肪含量较高的特点。亚有限生长习性品种可能因为具有更好的环境适应能力,所以在试验中有更好的产量表现,应该在未来的研究中给予重视。

Response of Summer Soybean Yield to Environment and Main Characteristics of High-yield Varieties

To understand the effects of the growth environment on summer sowing soybean yield,and main characters of highyield varieties,the field experiments were conducted in Mengcheng,Funan and Longkang.The yield of summer soybean under different environment,and the agronomic traits,quality and adaptability of high yield soybean varieties were studied.The results showed that:(1) The difference of yield among the locations,the years and the varieties,reached the extremely significant level The variance of locations accounted for 15.75％ of the total variance,the variance of years accounted for 6.48％,and the variance of varieties accounted for 24.90％.The yield of Mengcheng was the highest among the three experimental locations,but that of Longkang was the lowest,and the difference of yield of two locations was between 343.63-1 133.28 kg·ha-1,reached the extremely significant level every year.(2)There were 14 cultivars with average yield of more than 2 700.00 kg·ha-1 at each year.Eleven of which were semideterminate growth habit,three were determinate growth habit,and the yield of the first four were all semideterminate growth habit.In the high-yielding varieties,the mean value of the reproductive period and the number of seeds per plant of the semideterminate growth habit varieties were higher than those of the determinate growth habit varieties,but the pod height and 100-seed weight were less than that of the determinate growth habit varieties.Compared with the common varieties:the average reproductive stage,node numbers of main stem,seed weight per plant and seed fat content of high-yield soybean varieties were all higher than those of common varieties (t =2.94 * *;t =3.23 * *;t =2.87 * *;t =2.89* *),and the seed protein content was lower than that of common varieties (t =2.98* *).(3) Fourteen high-yielding soybean varieties were screened out.Among them,Gaofeng 1,GR8836,Tiegan 1 and Zhongpin 661 with yield top four,all had wide adaptability.And the high yield varieties had better yield and adaptability in Mengcheng.Unfavorable growth environment was one of the main limiting factors of soybean yield in Huanghuaihai summer sowing ecological area.Optimization of cultivation techniques and with high-yielding varieties,can play a role in stable production.High yield soybean varieties generally have the characteristics of longer reproductive period,more main stem nodes,larger grain weight per plant and higher fat content.Semideterminate growth habit varieties in the experiment showed better yield potential and wide adaptability,and should be given more attention.