从书院到学堂的三重变化

19世纪末、20世纪初发生的书院改制，使以书院为代表的中国传统教育机构和教育制度被近代学堂所取代。从书院到学堂，这不仅仅有教育机构名称的更替，也包括以学习西方为重要特征的传统教育内部各要素的近代转化，还包括了从传统松散的、与科举分途的教育组织机构到建立合科举为一途的近代国家教育系统的三重变化。

The Triple Change from Academy to School

The academy reformation, which happened from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, is a change of Chinese traditional educational organization and system to the modern scholastic institution. Its nature involves not only the appellative change of educational organization from Academy to School, but also a multiple diversification including the modernization of Chinese traditional educational system with a prominent character of imitating the advanced countries as well as the achievement of modern state educational system integrated with the imperial examinations.