Phytotoxicity of Roundup Ultra 360 SL in aquatic ecosystems: Biochemical evaluation with duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as a model plant |
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Authors: | El?bieta KielakCezary Sempruch,Halina MioduszewskaJó zef Klocek,Bogumi? Leszczyński |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanitie, ul. Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanitie, ul. Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland |
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Abstract: | Glyphosate-based herbicides (e.g. Roundup Ultra 360 SL) are extensively used in aquatic environment. Although glyphosate is more environmental favorable than many other herbicides, it may be exceptionally dangerous for aquatic ecosystems through high water solubility. Thus, the aim of the work was quantification of influence of Roundup Ultra 360 SL (containing isopropylamine salt of glyphosate as an active ingredient) on biomass and chlorophyll content within duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Moreover, changes in polyamine content and activity of such antioxidative enzymes as catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were assayed in order to determine the biochemical mechanisms of L. minor response to the herbicide treatment. Obtained results showed that phytotoxicity of the herbicide was connected with decrease in chlorophyll-a, b and a+b content, and reduction of biomass growth. Roundup, similarly to some abiotic and biotic stressors, caused over-accumulation of putrescine, spermidine and total polyamines (PAs) within duckweed tissues. In addition an increase in CAT and APX activities suggested that stress generated by the herbicide treatment was at least partially connected with oxidative burst. Intensity of the duckweed responses to the herbicide was dependent on the applied herbicide level and/or duration of treatment. |
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Keywords: | ALA, δ-aminolevulinic acid AO, ascorbate oxidase APX, ascorbate peroxidase CAT, catalase DAO, diamine oxidase DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetate EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase GOPX, guaiacol peroxidase GR, glutathione reductase GST, glutathione S-transferase HR, hypersensitive response IPA, isopropylamine MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase NDPK1, nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 PAO, polyamine oxidase PCD, programmed cell death PAs, polyamines POEA, polyoxyethylene amine ROS, reactive oxygen species Rubisko, ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase SOD, superoxide dismutase TMV, tobacco mosaic virus |
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