九连山金斑喙凤蝶野外生物学特性观测

[目的]通过连续12 a对金斑喙凤蝶的野外调查观察,研究成虫活动规律,并利用仿生态养殖,观察金斑喙凤蝶卵和幼虫的形态特征与生活习性,研究其生物学特性,以期为金斑喙凤蝶研究与保护提供有效数据。[方法]根据2004—2012年对金斑喙凤蝶成虫活动规律的观察研究,2013—2015年,在金斑喙凤蝶成虫活动期,采用样线踏查的方法,自海拔450 m往山顶海拔1 200 m搜索,调查视野内木兰科植物分布情况,寻找卵和幼虫,收集后带回驻地进行仿生态养殖,观察其形态特征和生活习性。[结果]金斑喙凤蝶在九连山为一年二代,以蛹越冬,第一代成虫发生期为4月上旬至5月中旬,第二代成虫发生期为8月下旬至9月中旬;2013年在木兰科植物金叶含笑上发现卵和幼虫,2014和2015年在深山含笑上发现卵和幼虫,深山含笑为新发现寄主植物,目前除九连山外尚未有报道;幼虫5龄,各龄级幼虫差异较大;预蛹成蛹经历两次蜕皮过程,这是金斑喙凤蝶研究中的一项重大发现。[结论]1)金斑喙凤蝶卵和幼虫的分布与寄主植物分布密切相关,且对生境质量有较高要求,成虫活动范围主要在寄主植物分布范围及其周边;2)金斑喙凤蝶选择生长良好的金叶含笑和深山含笑叶片上产卵,或嗜食深山含笑;3)温度、湿度等环境因子对卵的孵化、幼虫的生长发育以及化蛹和羽化影响较大;4)金斑喙凤蝶雌蝶少,卵孵化率低,幼虫发育历期长,幼虫成活率低,化蛹和羽化率低等是导致其种群数量稀少的主要原因。5)据查,目前尚未有其它蝶类化蛹过程中经历两次蜕皮的报道,预蛹化蛹蜕两次皮是金斑喙凤蝶异于其他蝶类的特殊现象。

Research on Biological Characteristics of Teinoplpus aureus in Jiulianshan

[Objective] Based on field observation to study the adult active regularity of Teinoplpus aureus and their biological traits such as morphological characteristics and living habit of eggs and larvae by using bionic feeding experiments, so as to provide valid data for the study and protection of T.aureus. [Method] The field observations for the adult active regularity of T. aureus were conducted from 2004 to 2012. In 2013~2015, all the Magnoliaceae host trees were investigated and the eggs and larvae of T. aureus were collected under the leaves along the ridge from 450 to 1200 m above sea level by using route research method. The morphological characteristics and living habit of the eggs and larva collected from the host plant leaves were observed by using bionic feeding experiments. [Result] The results show that the T. aureus has two generations per year in Jiulianshan. The overwintering morph is its pupa and the adult stage of first generation usually occurs between early April and mid-May. The adult period of second generation usually occurs between late August and mid-September, however. In 2013, the eggs and larvae were found under the leaves of M. foveolata (Magnoliaceae). In 2014~2015, the eggs and larvae of T. aureus under the leaves of Michelia maudiae implies that M. maudiae should be another new host plant for T. aureus. For now, the discovery is reported for the first time. The larvae of T. aureus undergo 5 instars and the difference of various instar larvae is significant. An important discovery for this study shows that the pupation of prepupae will undergo two molts in the region. [Conclusion] The conclusion indicates that:(1) the distribution of eggs and larvae of T. aureus are closely related with the distribution of host plants grew in favorable habitats; (2) the female T. aureus lays eggs on healthy leaves of M. foveolata and M. maudiae and the larvae will chew on the leaves of M. maudiae; (3) the environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, may have a significant impact on the egg hatch, the larvae development, the pupation and the emergence of adults; (4) lack of female, low egg hatchability, longer larvae stage, low survival rate of larvae, low pupation rate, low eclosion rate and so on are the main reasons for their scarcity in this region; (5) the pupation of prepupae with two molts in other butterflies have not been reported so far and this is a special phenomenon that distinguishes from other butterflies.