中国北方典型地区农村清洁取暖调研分析及思考

笔者深入北方典型农村地区开展大规模实地调研与测试工作,了解当前散煤取暖污染现状及清洁取暖存在问题。实地测试结果显示,受居民使用习惯以及燃烧条件的影响,燃煤炉具污染物排放因子远高于工业锅炉、电厂等燃煤利用方式。散煤取暖导致的室内污染同样不能忽视,使用烤火炉与水暖炉家庭的室内平均CO浓度分别为8.05、7.41 mg/m³;平均PM_2.5浓度分别为291、264 μg/m³,是WHO提出的日均浓度指导值25 μg/m³的10倍以上。调研结果显示,目前农村居民取暖以散煤燃烧为主,居民清洁取暖改造意愿主要受家庭年收入和清洁取暖实际运行费用的影响。家庭年收入从小于1万元/年升高到大于5万元/年,愿意使用清洁取暖的用户比例从33%增加到52%。86%的受访者表示有政府补贴才愿意使用清洁能源取暖。现阶段清洁取暖推广工作需因地制宜,循序渐进,同时配合建筑节能改造,达到事半功倍的效果。

Current Status and Implication of Clean Energy Heating: Field Survey in Typical Areas of Rural Northern China

To understand the current pollution situation of raw coal burning for heating and problems of clean energy heating in typical rural areas in northern China, this study conducted a large-scale field research and testing. The field testing show that: due to the residents’ habits and poor combustion conditions, the pollutant emission factors of coal-fired stoves are much higher than industrial boilers and power plants. The indoor air pollution can not be ignored. The average indoor CO concentration of radiative stoves and water-pipe stoves is 8.05 and 7.41 mg/m³; the average indoor PM_2.5 concentration is 291 and 264 μg/m³, which are 10 times more than 25 μg/m³, the concentration guidance value proposed by WHO. The research results suggest that: the rural residents mainly use raw coal burning for heating at present, the residents’ intention for clean heating is affected by the household income and actual operating costs of clean heating. The proportion of the willingness to use clean energy heating increases from 33% to 52% with the household annual income increasing from less than 10,000RMB to more than 50,000RMB. 86% of respondents said that they would only use clean energy for heating if the government offers subsidies. At present, the promotion of clean heating needs to adapt to local conditions, step by step, and cooperates with energy saving revolution of buildings to achieve better results.