Season-long mating disruption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grapholita molesta</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by one machine application of pheromone in wax drops (SPLAT-OFM) |
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Authors: | L L Stelinski J R Miller R Ledebuhr P Siegert L J Gut |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;(2) Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;(3) Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA |
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Abstract: | A novel emulsified wax dispenser (SPLAT-OFM) of pheromone was evaluated in concert with a custom-built, tractor-mounted applicator,
designed for fast application of dispensers for mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple. The formulation consisted of microcrystalline wax emulsified in water. It was loaded with G. molesta pheromone (93:6:1 blend of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(E)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate:(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol) at 10% by weight. The hydraulically driven applicator dispensed the wax formulation as discrete particles
from a rotating double-orifice distributor positioned directly above the tree canopy. Wax-drop size averaged (±SEM) 0.38 ± 0.16 g
and 4.3 ± 0.5 drops adhered per tree. Following a single mechanized application of SPLAT-OFM on 24 April at 8 ml per tree
(1.6 kg/ha) to 0.8 ha blocks of apple, male G. molesta orientation to optimally attractive pheromone traps was disrupted by 98% relative to untreated control plots for the whole
season. Furthermore, on 17 weekly deployments of tethered virgin females (1,016 females deployed and 732 recovered for dissection)
throughout the season, no mating was detected in SPLAT-OFM-treated blocks, while mating in control blocks averaged 27%. During
the first 17 days following deployment in sticky traps, SPLAT-OFM drops attracted ca. 1/46th of the number of male G. molesta attracted to optimized synthetic lures. However, following 17 days of field aging, SPLAT-OFM drops became equally attractive
to optimized synthetic lures for the remainder of the season. The release rate of pheromone from wax drops 0–14 and 15–76 days
following deployment averaged 21.4 and 5.3 μg/h, respectively. The trapping and release rate data were consistent with competitive
attraction as the mechanism mediating disruption. Shoot injury following the first moth generation was sevenfold less in SPLAT-OFM
treated blocks compared with controls and fruit injury at the end of the season in treated blocks was approximately half of
that recorded in controls. |
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Keywords: | Applied chemical ecology Grapholita molesta Mating disruption SPLAT-OFM Competitive attraction |
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