Organic fertilizer effects on growth,crop yield,and soil microbial biomass indices in sole and intercropped peas and oats under organic farming conditions |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Soil Biology and Plant Nutrition, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany;2. Department of Organic Farming and Cropping Systems, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany;1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China;2. Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, the Netherlands;3. Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China;4. Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan;5. Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden;1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran;2. Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;1. School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Kottman Hall, Room 210, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Department of Plant Biology, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d′Agriculture, Université de Thiès, P.O. Box A 296, Thiès, Senegal;3. Department of Soil Science, University of Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire;4. Department of Geology, San José State University, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192, USA;5. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Ecologique des Sols cultivés en Afrique de l′Ouest (LMI IESOL), Campus IRD/ISRA, Bel Air BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Senegal;6. School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA;7. Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France;8. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Eco&Sols, Campus Montpellier SupAgro, Place Viala, Bat 12, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France;9. Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Bel Air BP 1386, Dakar CP 18524, Senegal;1. Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia Agraria – CRA-RPS, Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy;2. Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia Agraria – CRA-SCA, Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments (Azienda Sperimentale Metaponto – MT), Italy;3. Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia Agraria – CRA-ORA, Research Unit for Vegetable Crops, Monsampolo del Tronto (AP), Italy;1. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China;3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China |
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| Abstract: | In a field experiment, peas (Pisum sativum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole crops and intercrops, fertilized with horse manure and yard-waste compost derived from shrub and garden cuttings at 10 t C ha−1 each. The objectives were to compare the effects of these organic fertilizer and cropping system in organic farming on (a) yield of peas and oats, grown as the sole crop or intercropped, as well as N2 fixation and photosynthetic rates, (b) the yield of wheat as a succeeding crop, (c) microbial biomass indices in soil and roots, and (d) microbial activity estimated by the CO2 evolution rate in the field and the amount of organic fertilizers, recovered as particulate organic matter (POM). In general, organic fertilizer application improved nodule dry weight (DW), photosynthetic rates, N2 fixation, and N accumulation of peas as well as N concentration in oat grain. Averaged across fertilizer treatments, pea/oat intercropping significantly decreased nodule DW, N2 fixation and photosynthetic rate of peas by 14, 17, and 12%, respectively, and significantly increased the photosynthetic rate of oats by 20%. However, the land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercropped peas and oats exceeded 1.0, indicating a yield advantage over sole cropping. Soil microbial biomass was positively correlated with pea dry matter yields both in sole and intercropped systems. Organic fertilizers increased the contents of microbial biomass C, N, P, and fungal ergosterol in soil and CO2 production, whereas the cropping system had no effects on these microbial indices. According to the organic fertilizer recovered as POM, 70% (manure) and 64% (compost) of added C were decomposed, but only 39% (manure) and 13% (compost) could be attributed to CO2–C during a 101-day period. This indicated that horse manure was more readily available to soil microorganisms than compost, leading to increased grain yields of the succeeding winter wheat. |
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| Keywords: | Horse manure Yard-waste compost Microbial biomass Particulate organic matter Intercropping Photosynthesis |
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