西汉河西走廊谷物及其籽粒特性考证

了解河西走廊农作物种类、食物结构和饮食文化有助于认识东西方物质和文化交流历史。西汉时期，汉王朝大力开发河西走廊地区的农业资源，特别是绿洲农业资源，以满足士兵和移民的粮食和饲料需求，固疆戍边。笔者对甘肃省敦煌市敦煌藏馆提供（由黑河流域牧民收集）的谷物籽粒进行特性分析以及同位素测年，发现敦煌藏馆保留的谷物籽粒形态完整、色泽清晰，直观可辨。这些籽粒包括大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)、青稞(Hordeum vulgare Linn.var. nudum Hook. f.)、糜子(Panicum miliaceum)和谷子(Setaria italica)。两批大麦样本的单籽粒平均粒重为0.029 g和0.030 g，最大单籽粒粒重达到0.041 g，但大麦籽粒已无发芽能力。两批青稞单籽粒平均粒重为0.025 g和0.028 g，最大单籽粒粒重达到0.048 g。经碳同位素（¹⁴C）测年鉴定，大麦距今2 063~1 898年，青稞距今2 010~1 885年，糜子距今1 994~1 865年，均为西汉时期的谷物籽粒。这一结果对研究东西方物质和文化交流具有重要的历史和学术意义。

Textural Research on the Cereal Crops and Kernel Characteristics from Hexi Corridor China in Han Dynasty

The studying of crop types, food staffs and food culture in Hexi corridor,can afford us the history of trade and cultural exchanges between East and West. During the Western Han Dynasty, the government made great efforts to develop agricultural resources in the Hexi Corridor China, especially in the oasis agricultural resources to meet the food demand of soldiers and migrants. In this study, the author analyzed the shape of cereal grains, kernel characteristics and isotope dating of seeds(naturally collected by herders in the Hei River Basin) which were procured from Dunhuang Collection Center in Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. The seeds including barley(Hordeum vulgare L.), naked barley(Hordeum vulgare Linn.var. nudum Hook.f.), proso millet(Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet(Setaria italica).The seeds were complete in shape, clear in color and completely identifiable. Because the barley seeds were well preserved, the average of the single kernel weight from two barley samples are 0.029 g and 0.030 g, and the maximum of a single kernel weight is 0.041 g.But barley seeds did not can germinate in lab-test. The average of the single kernel weight of naked barley from two samples are 0.025 g and 0.028 g, and the maximum of a single kernel weight is 0.048 g. The ¹⁴C isotope dating indicated the age is 2 063-1 898 years before present(BP) for barley, 2 010-1 885 years BP for naked barley, 1 994-1 865 years BP for proso millet and they all were from the Western Han Dynasty. These results have great historical and academic significance,which enable us to study trade and cultural exchanges between East and West in the Hexi Corridor of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty.