果树辐射诱变育种研究进展

继实生选种和杂交育种后,辐射诱变育种也成为创造果树新种质的一个有效途径。通过辐射诱变,大大提高了果树基因突变频率,而且可以产生小量突变,获得常规育种难以获得的新种质。开展果树辐射诱变育种几十年来,国内外已经创造出许多的具有优良生物学性状和经济性状的果树新种质,辐射材料、诱变剂和诱变方法不断得到补充和改良,短枝型变异、早熟变异、抗性变异、无籽变异等辐射效应的研究也在逐渐深入地开展起来。同时,笔者认为果树辐射诱变育种与常规杂交育种、果树离体培养相结合是其今后发展的方向,辐射诱变育种和单倍体育种相结合在农作物育种上有诸多成功的例子,为其在果树育种上的应用也提供了有益的借鉴。

Advances in induced mutation breeding by radiation for fruit plants

After the measures of natural selection and cross breeding,induced mutation breeding by radiation has also become an effective method for creating new fruit tree germplasms.Mutation frequency of fruit tree genes has been greatly improved through induced mutation of radiation.Moreover,it can also generate small quantities of mutations from which new germplasms unobtainable by regulative breeding can be obtained.For the past decades of induced mutation breeding by radiation,a good number of new fruit tree germplasms with fine biological and economical properties have been created at home and abroad.Meanwhile,radioactive materials,mutagens and induced measures have also been supplemented and improved.Researches on mutation of spur type,of early-maturity,of resistance and of non-seeds are further developing too.At the same time,we believe that induced mutation breeding by radiation combined with regular cross breeding and in vitro culture is the direction of its future development.There are many successful examples in breeding of agricultural crop for the combination of induced breeding and haploid breeding,which provide useful reference for its application in fruit tree breeding.