Integrating science and policy development: case of the national research council and US national policy focused on non-federal forests |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fortum Power and Heat Oy, P.O.B. 100, FI-00048 Fortum, Finland;2. NRG, P.O. Box 25, 1755 ZG Petten, the Netherlands;1. Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;2. Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia;3. Institute of Public Health Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 54, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Naval Technology Center, NSRDI, ADD, Jinhae P.O. Box 18, Changwon, Gyeongnam 645-600, Republic of Korea;1. Telecooperation Lab, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 10, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany;2. Knowledge Engineering Group, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 10, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Policy development is a sequence of political events, each of which is improved with information resulting from scientific inquiry. Science can help identify important issues, broaden the range of policy options, clarify relationships between objectives and policies, and identify risk and uncertainty associated with policies. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences reviewed the scientific basis for federal policies focused on non-federal forests (200 000 000 ha) in the United States. The science review resulted in seven broad recommendations for national action. In retrospect, the review demonstrated that complex administrative issues challenge science, discipline orientation of science often detracts from effective policy development, conflicting scientific evidence can complicate policy decisions, scientific models often suggest more certainty to policy development than actually exists, partisan driven science frequently confuses policy development, and scientific information can conflict with the political necessity to agree on a policy. |
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