Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles |
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Authors: | Gugliuzzo Antonio Biedermann Peter H W Carrillo Daniel Castrillo Louela A Egonyu James P Gallego Diego Haddi Khalid Hulcr Jiri Jactel Hervé Kajimura Hisashi Kamata Naoto Meurisse Nicolas Li You Oliver Jason B Ranger Christopher M Rassati Davide Stelinski Lukasz L Sutherland Roanne Tropea Garzia Giovanna Wright Mark G Biondi Antonio |
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Institution: | 1.Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ;2.Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany ;3.Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, USA ;4.USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens, Ithaca, NY, USA ;5.International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya ;6.Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain ;7.Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil ;8.School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ;9.INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, 33610, Cestas, France ;10.Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ;11.The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ;12.Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Rotorua, New Zealand ;13.Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN, USA ;14.USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Lab, Wooster, OH, USA ;15.Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy ;16.Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA ;17.Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA ; |
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Abstract: | We provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage. |
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