落叶松种间及种内和种间杂种家系间的物候变异与早期选择

对造林后1～3年生7种(变种)落叶松和7个种内和种间杂种家系的9个物候期进行连续定株观察及生长量调查,利用方差分析方法研究落叶松种间、家系间物候期的变异,利用主成分分析方法划分落叶松种(家系)的物候群,利用典型相关分析方法确定物候期与幼林生长量之间的关系.结果表明:除侧枝芽膨大外,落叶松种间、家系间各物候期的变异均达极显著水平.同样,种内个体间、家系内个体间也存在一定的物候期变异,但同种家系内个体间的变异明显小于杂种家系内个体间的变异.兴安落叶松顶芽展叶、抽新梢时间明显早于其他种,封顶也最早;其次是长白落叶松和华北落叶松;朝鲜落叶松和欧洲落叶松的封顶时间比长白和华北落叶松还要迟半个月;日本落叶松顶芽膨大和展叶时间最晚,封顶时间也明显迟于其他种.以日本落叶松为母本的各种间杂种,在物候上多数表现出中间偏母本的特性,而在抗病能力方面较父本有所改善,在抗寒性方面却明显优于母本.日本落叶松生长最快,其次是长白和朝鲜落叶松,而日×长、日×兴杂种生长量超过母本,表现出超亲杂种优势,表明在东北地区落叶松杂种利用潜力巨大.根据主成分聚类结果,可将14份遗传材料分为4个物候型.除侧枝芽开始展叶、完全展叶和抽新梢以外的其他物候因子与生长量之间相关紧密.物候因子对生长量有相当好的预测能力,即顶芽萌动、展叶越早,封顶越迟,生长期越长,对树木的生长越有利.

Phenological Variation of Larix Species and Their Intra-Species and Inter-Species Hybrid Families and Early Selection

Three-years phenological variation after afforestation and annual growth of 7 larch(Larix)species,7 hybrid(intra-species or inter-species)families were observed and measured in Dagujia forestry station in Qingyuan County,Liaoning Province.Variance analysis,principal components analysis and canonical correlation analysis were respectively used for analyzing phenological variation,phonological type classification and relationship of growth and phenology.The results showed that all the phonological characters(excluding branch bud bursting phase)were significantly different among species and families,as well as among individuals within families,which suggested that there was great variation either for individual tree selection or family selection.Larix gmelinii leafed and sprouted earliest in spring,and had earliest cessation of shoot elongation in late summer among all species and hybrids,followed by L.olgensis,L.sibirica and L.principis-rupprechtii.The top bud formation of L.olgensis var.koreana and L.decidua was 15 days later than L.olgensis.Among all the species and hybrids,L.kaempferi had latest timing of the bud bursting and leafing as well as top bud formation.All the inter-species hybrids possessed stronger disease-resistance than their male parent species did and better cold acclimation than their female parent species did,while their phenology behaved matroclinous inheritance.Fourteen genetic materials were divided into four phenological types according to the result of PCA.Except branch leafing and leader sprouting,all phonological characters were significantly correlated with the growth and were reliable traits for predicting their performance.L.kaempferi,as one of successful exotic species in northern China,grew fastest,followed by L.olgensis and L.olgensis var.koreana.Interspecific hybrids between L.kaempferi and L.olgensis,L.gmelinii and L.principis-rupprechtii expressed heterosis on growth.Therefore,the hybrids may be suitable materials for afforestion in the north-eastern region.