Effects of nitrogen enrichment on belowground communities in grassland: Relative role of soil nitrogen availability vs. soil acidification |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;2. Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;2. School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;3. State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;4. Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing 210008, PR China;2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China;1. J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Straße 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;2. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;3. Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;4. Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;5. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;6. Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China;2. School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA;3. Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;4. Key State Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China |
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| Abstract: | Terrestrial ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of biologically reactive nitrogen (N) as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. This intended or unintended fertilization can have a wide range of impacts on the above- and belowground communities. An increase in high N availability has been assumed to be a major mechanism enhancing the abundance of above- and belowground communities. In addition to increasing available N, however, N enrichment causes soil acidification, which may negatively affect above- and belowground communities. The relative importance of increased N availability vs. increased soil acidity for above- and belowground communities in natural ecosystems experiencing N enrichment is unclear. In a 12-year N enrichment experiment in a semi-arid grassland, N enrichment substantially increased both above- and belowground plant biomass mainly via the N availability-induced increase in biomass of perennial rhizome grasses. N enrichment also dramatically suppressed bacterial, fungal, and actinobacteria biomass mainly via the soil acidification pathway (acidification increased concentrations of H+ ions and Al3+ and decreased concentrations of mineral cations). In addition, N enrichment also suppressed bacterial-, fungal-feeding, and omnivorous + carnivorous nematodes mainly via the soil acidification pathway (acidification reduced nematode food resources and reduced concentrations of mineral cations). The positive effects resulting from the increase in belowground carbon allocation (via increase in quantity and quality of plant production) on belowground communities were outweighed by the negative effects resulting from soil acidification, indicating that N enrichment weakens the linkages between aboveground and belowground components of grassland ecosystems. Our results suggest that N enrichment-induced soil acidification should be included in models that predict biota communities and linkages to carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems under future scenarios of N deposition. |
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| Keywords: | Plant–soil interactions Belowground food web Trophic levels Plant functional groups Soil microbial communities Soil nematode communities Belowground communities Base mineral cations |
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