Fluid resuscitation and the trauma patient.

Traumatic shock can result from one or more of the following: hypovolemia, increased capillary permeability and vasodilatation, impaired myocardial contractility or dysfunction, blood loss, and cardiovascular obstruction. Animals with traumatic injuries are less tolerant of sudden increases in hydrostatic pressure, which can exacerbate fluid leakage into damaged tissues and disrupt blood clots. Pain amplifies the shock response, and analgesic therapy is always recommended in the trauma patient. Therapy must be individualized and monitored closely.