果树花粉直感效应形成机理研究进展

花粉直感是指从受精至种子萌发期间花粉基因型直接影响种子与果实发育及表型特征产生差异的现象,其不仅影响双受精后形成的胚乳和胚产生差异,亦可影响果实的成熟期、形状、大小、色泽、风味及内在营养物质含量产生差异等。因此,关于花粉直感现象的研究对以果实或种子为主要收获对象的果树生产有着重要意义,可为生产上授粉品种的配置、产量的增加、内外品质的改善等提供理论依据;同时在果树遗传学、生理学和育种学上均有重要的理论价值。当前,许多果树种植者和园艺学家都已认识到花粉直感的实践重要性与理论价值,但他们对花粉直感的研究主要集中于现象观察阶段。花粉直感效应的表现形式多种多样,其形成更是一个错综复杂的过程,与果树学其他领域方向的研究相比,其研究还处于起步阶段,系统深入的研究十分缺乏,对其形成机理知之甚少,利用程度远远不够。为此,文中从种子与果实生长发育过程中内源激素与多胺含量的变化、关键品质物质合成相关酶活性的变化、花粉mRNA转移及综合分析等方面概述了花粉直感效应形成的机理,分析了相关研究的现状和存在的不足,提出了以花粉直感效应形成的生命过程为线索从分子水平研究花粉直感效应形成机理的研究思路,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,为将来进一步开展花粉直感效应及产生机理的研究及在生产中更高效、更广泛地利用花粉直感效应提高果树产量及品质提供参考依据。

Research progress on formation mechanism of xenia effect in fruit trees

Xenia refers to a phenomenon of different genotypes of pollen directly affecting development of seeds and fruits,and changing their phenotypic characteristics from fertilization to seed germination.It can’t only change formed endosperm and embryo size after double fertilization,but also change mature period,shape,size,color and lustre,flavor,and contents of nutrients in fruits.Therefore,researching xenia has a great significance for fruit tree production with fruits or seeds as main harvest objects.In production,it can provide some theoretical bases for allocating pollinated varieties,increasing yield,enhancing internal and external quality,and so on.At the same time,it has an important theoretical value in fruit tree genetics,physiology,and breeding.At present,many fruit tree growers and horticulturists have realized practical importance and theoretical value of xenia,but their researches on xenia mainly focus on observation stage of phenomenon.There are various forms of xenia,and their formations are complicated.Compared with other fields in fruit tree science,researches on formation mechanisms of xenia are still in its infancy stage,systematic and in-depth researches are very scarce,their formation mechanisms are still poorly understood,and they remain vastly underutilized.Therefore,formation mechanisms of xenia were summarized,from the aspects of changes of endogenous hormones and polyamine content during growth and development of seeds and fruits,changes of enzyme activity related to synthesis of key quality substances,pollen mRNA transferring,and comprehensive analysis.Present situation and shortages of related researches were analyzed.A research idea on formation mechanism of xenia from molecular level was putted forward by taking life process of xenia formation as a clue,and future research directions were suggested.Some references were provided for further studies on xenia and its formation mechanisms,and more efficient and extensive utilization of xenia to improve yield and quality of fruit trees in production.