分布型过牧:一个被忽视的内蒙古草原退化的原因

过牧已成为学界和决策部门普遍认可的草原退化原因之一。它是基于牲畜总数超过草原承载力这一简单逻辑来定义的。为了消除过牧,中国采取许多措施以降低牲畜数量和增加草料产量。但是,草原"整体恶化"的局面并没有改变。通过案例调查研究村一级的草原管理和牲畜分布方式,本文提出除了目前单纯强调牲畜总量的解释("数量型过牧")外,由于产权制度变化引起的牲畜分布变化也是导致草原退化的重要原因,本文将其定义为"分布型过牧"。

Distributed Overgrazing:A Neglected Cause of Grassland Degradation in Inner Mongolia

Overgrazing,which is defined based on a simple formulaic statement that total livestock population exceeds the carrying capacity of grassland,has been an acknowledged reason for grassland degradation in China.Many projects have been implemented to reduce livestock population and increase forage plantation to restore degraded grassland.However,the situation of holistic degradation of grassland in China has not been changed.Based on the analysis of current mode of grassland management and livestock distribution at village scale by using case study data,the research showed that it is impossible to find proper countermeasures for grassland degradation without analyzing overgrazing deeply in specific spatial-temporal scales.Besides current explanation for grassland degradation merely emphasize the too many livestock population,which is called as "quantitative overgrazing" in this paper,the change in livestock distribution caused by the changes in property rights has played an important role in degradation,which is defined as "distributed overgrazing".